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Betawi, also known as Betawi Malay, Jakartan Malay, or Batavian Malay is the spoken language of the Betawi people in Jakarta, Indonesia. It is the native language of perhaps 5 million people; a precise number is difficult to determine due to the vague use of the name.

Betawi
basè Betawi (Middle dialect) basa Betawi (Suburban dialect)
Native to	Indonesia
Region	Jakarta
Ethnicity	Betawi Mardijker Benteng Chinese
Native speakers	5 million (2000 census)[1]
Language family	Malay-based creole Betawi
Dialects	Middle (Betawi Malay) Suburban (Betawi Ora)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	bew
Glottolog	beta1252

Betawi Malay is a popular informal language in contemporary Indonesia, used as the base of Indonesian slang and commonly spoken in Jakarta TV soap operas. The name Betawi stems from Batavia, the official name of Jakarta during the era of the Dutch East Indies. Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian, a vernacular form of Indonesian that has spread from Jakarta into large areas of Java and replaced existing Malay dialects, has its roots in Betawi Malay. According to Uri Tadmor, there is no clear border distinguishing Colloquial Jakarta Indonesian from Betawi Malay.[2]

Background

The origin of Betawi is of debate to linguists; many consider it to be a Malay dialect descended from Proto-Malayic, while others consider it to have developed as a creole. It is believed that descendants of Chinese men and Balinese women in Batavia converted to Islam and spoke a pidgin that was later creolized, and then decreolized incorporating many elements from Sundanese and Javanese (Uri Tadmor 2013).[3]

Betawi has large amounts of Hokkien Chinese, Arabic, Portuguese, and Dutch loanwords. It replaced the earlier Portuguese creole of Batavia, Mardijker. The first-person pronoun gua (I or me) and second-person pronoun lu (you) and numerals such as cepek (a hundred), gopek (five hundred), and seceng (a thousand) are from Hokkien, whereas the words ane (I or me) and ente (you) are derived from Arabic. Cocos Malay, spoken in the Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Australia and Sabah, Malaysia is believed to have derived from an earlier form of Betawi Malay.

Dialects

Betawian Malay is divided into two main dialects

• Middle Betawi dialect: Originally spoken within Jakarta with a greater use of e (e.g. ada becomes ade).
• Suburban Betawi dialect: Originally spoken in suburban Jakarta, Tangerang in Banten, Depok, Bogor, and Bekasi in West Java. It has a greater use of extended a (e.g. ada, pronounced adah).

Another Suburban Betawi variant is called Betawi Ora, which was highly influenced by Sundanese.

Betawi is still spoken by the older generation in some locations on the outskirts of Jakarta, such as Kampung Melayu, Pasar Rebo, Pondok Gede, Ulujami, and Jagakarsa.[4]

There is a significant Chinese community which lives around Tangerang, called Cina Benteng, who have stopped speaking Chinese and now speak Betawian Malay.

Examples :

• aye (middle), sayah (suburban), gua (informal) : I
• lu (informal or intimate) : you
• iye (strong e, not schwa like Johor and Riau accent), iyah : yes
• kaga, ora (udik variant and it is Javanese influence) : no
• Encing mo pegi ke mane? : Where will you go, uncle?
• Dagangan aye udeh beres, dah : My stuff has been sold out.

The ending of every Betawi word that ends with an "a" is pronounced "e" like in the English word "net". The "e" is pronounced in a way different from the way Johor and Riau Malays pronounce it.

Sample

English

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Malay

Semua manusia dilahirkan bebas dan samarata dari segi kemuliaan dan hak-hak. Mereka mempunyai pemikiran dan perasaan hati dan hendaklah bertindak di antara satu sama lain dengan semangat persaudaraan.

Betawi

Semue orang ntu dilahirin bebas ame punye martabat dan hak-hak yang same. Mereka ntu dikasih akal ame ati nurani dan kudu bergaul satu ame lainnye dalem semangat persaudaraan.

See also

• Hikayat Abu Samah, a Betawi text

References

Bibliography

• Ikranagara, Kay (1975). Melayu Betawi grammar (Ph. D. thesis). University of Hawaii at Manoa. hdl:10125/11720.

External links

• Documentation of Betawi

• An example of Betawi language conversation

На других языках

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- [en] Betawi language

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[fr] Betawi (langue)

Le betawi (ou malais de Jakarta ou batavien) est une langue austronésienne parlée en Indonésie, à Jakarta et dans ses environs, dans l'île de Java. La langue appartient à la branche malayo-polynésienne des langues austronésiennes.

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[ru] Бетави (язык)

Батавский[1] (индон. Bahasa Betawi) — один из австронезийских языков, распространён на западе Явы. Родной язык для батавцев  (англ.) (рус.. По данным Ethnologue, количество носителей данного языка составляло 5 млн чел. в 2000 году[2]. На батавском говорят в столице Индонезии, Джакарте.

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