lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageLaha (Chinese: 拉哈; Vietnamese: La Ha) is a Kra language spoken by approximately 1,400 people out of a total population of 5,686 Laha. It is spoken in Lào Cai and Sơn La provinces, Vietnam. Laha dialects had been documented in 1986 by Russian linguists and in 1996 by American linguist Jerold A. Edmondson. Many Laha can also converse in the Khmu language, and Laha-speaking areas also have significant Black Thai (Tai Dam), Kháng, Ksongmul (Ksingmul, Xinh-mun), and Hmong populations.
Kra–Dai language spoken in Vietnam
Ostapirat (2000) considers the Laha dialects to form a subgroup of their own (Southern Kra) within the Kra branch.[2]
Geographic distribution
Gregerson & Edmondson (1997) and Wardlaw (2000) report the following locations of two Laha dialects, namely the Wet Laha and Dry Laha dialects.
Wet Laha (Laha Ung, la33 ha21 ʔuŋ31) of Lào Cai and Lai Châu
- Tà Mít Commune, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu, Vietnam (just north of the Black River) — known as the "Wet Laha". Edmondson's informant is from Bản Muot Village, Tà Mít Commune (Edmondson & Gregerson 1997). There are 8 Laha villages numbering no more than 1,000 people in Than Uyên District, Lai Châu, Vietnam.
- Pha Mu and Nặm Cần Communes, Tân Uyên, Lai Châu
Dry Laha (Laha Phlao) of Sơn La — around the Sông Đà and Nậm Mu Rivers
- Noong Lay and Nặm Ét Communes, Thuận Châu, Sơn La, Vietnam (just south of the Black River; in Bản Muot, etc.) — known as the "Dry Laha"
- Chiền Xòm, Liềp Tè, Noong Giông, and Nặm Ét in Sơn La
- Nặm Giôn, Chiền Xàng, Chiền Dong, Pi Toong, and Mường Bú of Mường La District, Sơn La Province. Laha of Nà Tạy, Pi Toong commune is documented in Hsiu (2017).[3]
- Thuận Châu, Mường La, Quỳnh Nhai districts of Sơn La Province
- Bản Bung and Phù Yên near Sơn La Province on the north bank of the Black River
Phonology
Consonants
Tà Mit Laha consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Palato- alveolar |
(Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless |
p |
t |
tʃ |
|
k |
ʔ |
aspirated |
pʰ |
tʰ |
|
|
kʰ |
|
voiced |
b |
d |
|
|
|
|
Fricative |
f |
s |
|
ʑ |
x |
h |
Nasal |
m |
n |
|
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
Approximant |
w |
l |
|
|
|
|
Noong Lay Laha consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Palato- alveolar |
(Alveolo-) palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Stop/ Affricate |
voiceless |
p |
t |
tʃ |
|
k |
ʔ |
aspirated |
pʰ |
tʰ |
|
|
kʰ |
|
voiced |
b |
d |
dʒ |
|
|
|
Fricative |
|
s |
|
ʑ |
x |
h |
Nasal |
m |
n |
|
ɲ |
ŋ |
|
Approximant |
w |
l |
|
|
|
|
- In both dialects, /tʃ/ can be heard as [tɕ] when occurring before front vowels.
Final consonants
Both have the same final consonants, except /l/ is only in the Noong Lay dialect.
Tà Mit final consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Velar |
Glottal |
Stop |
p |
t |
k |
ʔ |
Nasal |
m |
n |
ŋ |
|
Noong Lay final consonants
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Velar |
Glottal |
Stop |
p |
t |
k |
ʔ |
Nasal |
m |
n |
ŋ |
|
Approximant |
|
l |
|
|
Vowels
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
i |
|
ɯ |
u |
Near-close |
ɪ |
|
|
Close-mid |
e |
ə |
o |
Open-mid |
ɛ |
ɐ |
ɔ |
Open |
|
a |
|
- Vowel sounds /ɛ, a, ɔ/ can occur long as /ɛː, aː, ɔː/.
Final vowels
|
Front |
Back |
Close |
i |
u |
Both dialects have two vowels /i, u/ in final position. They also may be heard as glide sounds [j, w].
See also
References
- Benedict, Paul K. 1992. "Laha Reexamined." In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, 15, no. 2: 207–218.
- Diller, Anthony, Jerold A. Edmondson, and Yongxian Luo ed. The Tai–Kadai Languages. Routledge Language Family Series. Psychology Press, 2008.
- Gregerson, Kenneth and Jerold A. Edmondson. 1997. "Outlying Kam-Tai: Notes On Ta Mit Laha." In the Mon-Khmer Studies Journal, 27: 257–269.
- Ostapira, Weera. 1995. "Notes on Laha final -l". In Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area, vol. 18, no. 1, pp. 173–181.
- Wardlaw, Terrance Randall. A phonological comparison between two varieties of Laha: Syllable constituents and tone in Ta Mit and Noong Lay Laha. M.A. Thesis, The University of Texas at Arlington, 2000.
External links
Languages of Vietnam |
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Official language | |
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Indigenous languages | Austroasiatic | Bahnaric | |
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Katuic | |
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Khmer | |
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Vietic | |
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Other | |
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Austronesian | |
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Hmong-Mien | |
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Sino-Tibetan | |
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Kra-Dai | |
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Main foreign languages | |
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Other foreign languages | |
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Vietnamese sign languages | |
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Kra–Dai languages |
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Kra |
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Kam–Sui | |
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Biao | |
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Lakkia | |
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Hlai |
- Bouhin
- Ha Em
- Lauhut
- Tongzha
- Zandui
- Baoting
- Cun
- Nadou
- Changjiang
- Moyfaw
- Baisha
- Yuanmen
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Jiamao | |
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Be–Jizhao | |
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Tai (Zhuang) | Northern | |
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Central | |
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Southwestern (Thai) | Northwestern | |
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Lao–Phutai | |
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Chiang Saen | |
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Southern | |
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(other) | |
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(mixed) | |
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(mixed origins) | |
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proposed groupings | |
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Proto-languages |
- Proto-Kra–Dai
- Proto-Kra
- Proto-Tai
- Proto-Kam–Sui
- Proto-Hlai
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Italics indicate extinct languages |
На других языках
- [en] Laha language
[fr] Laha
Le laha (ou la ha) est une langue taï-kadaï, de la branche ge-yang, parlée au Viêt Nam, dans les provinces de Sơn La et Lào Cai par les Laha (en) (ou La Ha).
[ru] Лаха (язык)
Лаха (Khlá, Khlá Don, Khlá Dung, Khlá Phlao, Klá Dong, La Ha, La Ha Ung, Liik, Xá Chien, Xá Khao, Xá Lay, вьет. La Ha, кит. 拉哈) — язык кра[1], на котором говорит народ лаха вдоль Красной и Чёрной рек провинций Лаокай и Шонла во Вьетнаме.[2] Многие лаха также могут общаться на языке кхму, а с носителями языка лаха значительно проживают чёрные тайцы (тай-дам), кханг, ксонгмуль (ксингмуль, синь-мун) и хмонг.
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