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Rade (Rhade; Rade: klei Êđê; Vietnamese: tiếng Ê-đê or tiếng Ê Đê) is an Austronesian language of southern Vietnam. There may be some speakers in Cambodia. It is a member of the Chamic subgroup, and is closely related to the Cham language of central Vietnam.[2]

Rade
Klei Êđê
Native to	Vietnam
Ethnicity	Rade
Native speakers	180,000 in Vietnam (2007)[1]
Language family	Austronesian Malayo-Polynesian Malayo-Sumbawan (?) Chamic Highlands Rade
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: rad – Rade ibh – Bih
Glottolog	rade1240  Rade biha1246  Bih
ELP	Bih

Dialects

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:24)[3] lists nine dialects of Rade. They are spoken mostly in Đắk Lắk Province in the Central Highlands region of Vietnam.

• Kpă: spoken throughout Buôn Ma Thuột
• Krung: spoken in Ea H'leo and Krông Năng; some Krung also live among the Jarai in Gia Lai Province
• Adham: spoken in Krông Buk, Krông Năng, and Ea H'leo
• Ktul: spoken in Krông Bông and the southern part of Krông Pắk
• Drao (Kơdrao): spoken in M'Đrăk (in the townships of Krông Jing, Cư M'Ta, and Ea Trang)
• Blô: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
• Êpan: spoken in M'Đrăk (small population)
• Mdhur: spoken in Ea Kar and M'Đrăk; also in Gia Lai Province and Phu Yen Province
• Bih: spoken in Krông Ana and in the southern part of Buôn Ma Thuột

Bih, which has about 1,000 speakers, may be a separate language.[4] Tam Nguyen (2015) reported that there are only 10 speakers of Bih out of an ethnic population of about 400 people.[5]

A patrilineal Rade subgroup known as the Hmok or Hmok Pai is found in the Buôn Ma Thuột area (Phạm 2005:212).[6]

Classification

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] provides the following classification for the Rade dialects. Đoàn (1998) also provides a 1,000-word vocabulary list for all of the nine Rade dialects.

• Area 1
  • Area 1.1: Krung, Kpă, Adham
  • Area 1.2: Drao. Êpan, Ktul
  • Blô (mixture of areas 1.1 and 1.2, as well as Mdhur)
• Area 2
  • Mdhur
  • Bih

Đoàn Văn Phúc (1998:23)[3] assigns the following cognacy percentages for comparisons between Kpă and the other eight dialects of Rade, with Bih as the most divergent dialect.

• Kpă – Krung: 85.5%
• Kpă – Adham: 82%
• Kpă – Ktul: 82%
• Kpă – Mdhur: 80%
• Kpă – Blô: 82%
• Kpă – Êpan: 85%
• Kpă – Drao: 81%
• Kpă – Bih: 73%

Vocabulary

• Khoa sang – the most senior in age and authority
• Dega – Protestant of Christian (single word identity of E-de)
• Ih – you
• Ung – husband
• Ñu – her/him
• Diñu – they
• Drei – we
• Khăp – love
• Bi êmut – hate
• Ama – father, dad daddy
• Jhat – ugly, bad
• Siam – pretty
• Siam mniê – beautiful girl
• Jăk- good
• Khăp – love
• Brei – give
• Djŏ – true
• Nao – go
• Kâo – I/me
• anăn – name
• Čar – country
• Čiăng – want/like
• Aê Diê – God
• Blŭ – speak
• Klei blŭ – language
• Bur – rice porridge
• Êmong – fat
• Êwang – skinny
• Jŭ – black
• Hriê/hrê – to be from
• Mơ̆ng – from
• Sa, dua, tlâo, pă, êma – 1, 2, 3, 4, 5
• Năm, kjuh, sa-băn, dua-păn, pluh: 6,7,8,9,10
• Čar Mi/čar amêrik – America
• Čar Kŭr – Cambodia
• Anak – person
• Hriăm – learn
• Roă/ruă – sound of displeasure/pain
• Buôn Ama Y'Thuôt – Buôn Ma Thuôt
• Čih – type/write
• Klei Mi – English
• Klei Êđê – Rade/Ede

Phonology

The spelling is shown in italics.

Vowels

Rade vowels

	Front		Central		Back
	short	long	short	long	short	long
High	ĭ /i/	i /iː/	ư̆ /ɨ/	ư /ɨː/	ŭ /u/	u /uː/
Mid	ê̆ /e/	ê /eː/	ơ̆ /ə/	ơ /əː/	ô̆ /o/	ô /oː/
Low	ĕ /ɛ/	e /ɛː/	ă /a/	a /aː/	ŏ /ɔ/	o /ɔː/

• Vowels /ɨ ɨː, ə əː/ can also be heard as more centralized-back [ɯ̈ ɯ̈ː, ɤ̈ ɤ̈ː].

Consonants

Rade consonants

		Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m /m/	n /n/	ñ /ɲ/	ng /ŋ/
Stop	voiceless	p /p/	t /t/	č /c/	k /k/	/ʔ/
	aspirated	ph /pʰ/	th /tʰ/	čh /cʰ/	kh /kʰ/
	voiced	b /b/	d /d/	j /ɟ/	g /ɡ/
	implosive	ƀ /ɓ/	đ /ɗ/	dj /ʄ/
Fricative			s /s/			h /h/
Approximant		w /w/	l /l/	y /j/
Rhotic			r /r/

• /w/ can also be heard as a more bilabial [β̞].
• Glottalized final consonant sounds /wʔ, jʔ, jh/ are heard only in final position.[7]

References

Further reading

External links

• Alphabet and pronunciation
• ELAR archive of Documenting Bih
• Waddington, Ray. "Indigenous Peoples of the World – The Ede". www.peoplesoftheworld.org. Retrieved 2019-11-21.

На других языках

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- [en] Rade language

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[fr] Rhade (langue)

Le rhade (ou rade, rde) est une langue austronésienne parlée au Viêt Nam. C'est une des langues de la branche des langues chamiques.

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[ru] Эде (язык)

Эде (раде; De, E-De, Ê Dê, Edeh, klei Êđê, Raday, Rade, Rde, Rhade) — язык тямской подгруппы, распространённый среди горного народа эде, проживающего в провинциях Даклак, Дакнонг, Кханьхоа, Фуйен (окрестности Буонметхуота) во Вьетнаме.

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