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The Mulam language (Chinese: 仫佬; pinyin: Mùlǎo) is a Kam–Sui language spoken mainly in Luocheng County, Hechi, Northern Guangxi by the Mulao people. The greatest concentrations are in Dongmen and Siba communes. Their autonym is mu6 lam1.[2] The Mulam also call themselves kjam1, which is probably cognate with lam1 and the Dong people's autonym "Kam" (Wang & Zheng 1980).

Mulam
Native toChina
RegionLuocheng County, Hechi, Northern Guangxi
Ethnicity210,000 (2000 census)[1]
Native speakers
86,000 (2005)[1]
< 10,000 monolinguals
Language family
Language codes
ISO 639-3mlm
Glottologmula1253
ELPMulam
Mulam is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

The Mulam language, like Dong, does not have voiced stop, but does have a phonemic distinction between unvoiced and voiced nasals and laterals. It has a system of eleven distinct vowels. It is a tonal language with ten tones and 65% of its vocabulary is shared with the Zhuang and Dong languages.[citation needed]

The language of Mulam leads to a comparison between two languages as Graham Thurgood states, "For 'headlouse', the KS forms are highly irregular: Kam, Mulam…" (Oceanic Linguistics, Vol. 33, No 2). This relates to the way in which one language can be interpreted through another language, which displays a level of diversity as they may derive different meanings from the translations. Within Mulam Phonology, there is a display of the syllables for Mulam that seems very difficult to decipher without having much knowledge of how they communicate with the dialect. The Mulam ethnic group traces back to the Yuan Dynasty (1271–1368), differing from the current society they have now as the people of Mulam eventually split in the Qing Dynasty (1644–1912).[citation needed]

The majority of the Mulam population are bilingual in the Zhuang languages.[citation needed]


Dialects


The following Mulam dialects are described by Wang & Zheng (1980) (all of which are spoken in Luocheng Mulao Autonomous County).

The following comparison of Mulam dialects is from Ni Dabai (2010:221-222).[2][5]

English glossChinese glossQiaotou 桥头Huangjin 黄金Siba 四把Dongmen 东门Long'an 龙岸
dietai1tai1pɣai1tai1tai1
medicineta2ta2kɣa2-tsa2
intestines肠子taːi3taːi3kɣaːi3khɣaːi3tsaːi3
cloudma3ma3kwa3kwa3fa3
bran细糠pwa6pwa6kwa6kwa6fa6
dogm̥a1m̥a1ŋwa1ŋ̥wa1m̥a1
hair, fur毛发pəm1pəm1pɣam1pɣam1kjam1

References


  1. Mulam at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. See Proto-Tai_language#Tones for an explanation of the tone codes.
  3. Qiu Jing [岳静]. 2004. Huangjinzhen Mulaoyu gaikuang [黄金镇仫佬语概况]. Minzu Yuwen 民族语文 2004(4).
  4. Guangxi Minority Languages Orthography Committee. 2008. Vocabularies of Guangxi ethnic languages [广西民族语言方音词汇]. Beijing: Nationalities Publishing House [民族出版社].
  5. Ni Dabai [倪大白]. 2010. 侗台语概论 [An introduction to Kam-Tai languages]. Beijing: Ethnic Publishing House [民族出版社]. ISBN 978-7-105-10582-3

Further reading





На других языках


- [en] Mulam language

[fr] Mulam

Le mulam (autres appellations : mulao, molao, mulou, muliao, mulao miao, abo ayo) est une langue tai-kadai parlée dans le canton autonome Luocheng Mulam et des cantons adjacents (Majiang, Kaili), dans la province du Guizhou en République populaire de Chine. On a recensé en 2000 entre 50 et 60 000 locuteurs dont 10 000 monolingues.



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