lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageSallaans (Dutch: Sallands) is a collective term for the Westphalian dialects of the region Salland, in the eastern Netherlands. A common term used by native speakers for their dialect, which is also used by Low Saxon speakers from other regions for their respective dialects, is plat or simply dialect. Yet another common usage is to refer to the language by the name of the local variety, where for instance Dal(f)sens would be the name for the Sallaans variety spoken in the village of Dalfsen. Sallands is more influenced by the Hollandic dialects than Twents or Achterhoeks. This influence is known as the Hollandse expansie. For example, the word 'house' (Standard Dutch huis [ɦœys]) is hoes [ɦuːs] in Twents but huus [ɦyːs] in Sallaans. The Hollandic dialects of the 17th century still had not diphthongized [yː] to [œy], and due to their prestigious status they triggered the shift from [uː] to [yː].[1][2][3]
Dialects of Salland region
Sallaans |
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Native to | Netherlands |
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Language family | |
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ISO 639-3 | sdz |
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Glottolog | sall1238 |
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Phonology
Consonants
Consonants in the dialect of Raalte
|
Labial |
Alveolar |
Dorsal |
Glottal |
Nasal |
m |
n |
ŋ |
|
Stop |
voiceless |
p |
t |
k |
|
voiced |
b |
d |
(ɡ) |
|
Fricative |
voiceless |
f |
s |
χ |
h |
voiced |
v |
z |
ɣ |
|
Trill |
|
r |
|
|
Approximant |
ʋ |
l |
j |
|
- [ɡ] appears only as an allophone of /k/ before voiced consonants.
- /ʋ/ occurring before and after back-rounded vowels is pronounced as a labio-velar approximant [w].
- After long close and close-mid vowels, /r/ surfaces as a diphthongization of the vowel, as in zoer [ˈzuːə̯]. This also happens in compounds: veurkämer [vøːə̯kæːmər].[stress needed] It is also often dropped preconsonantally after /ə/.
Vowels
Raalte monophthongs
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
unrounded |
rounded |
short |
long |
short |
long |
short |
long |
Close |
i |
iː |
y |
yː |
|
u |
uː |
Close-mid |
ɪ |
eː |
ʏ |
øː |
ə |
ʊ |
oː |
Open-mid |
ɛ |
ɛː |
œ |
œː |
ɔ |
ɔː |
Open |
æ |
æː |
|
|
ɑ |
ɑː |
- Unlike in Standard Dutch, the long close-mid monophthongs /eː, øː, oː/ are actual monophthongs and not narrow closing diphthongs [ei, øy, ou]. They do not appear before /r/ whenever that consonant occurs before a vowel or at the end of a word, where the open-mid series /ɛː, œː, ɔː/ occurs instead.
Raalte diphthongs
|
Front |
Back |
Close |
ij, iu |
yi, yu |
uw |
Open |
ɛi ɪu |
œy |
ɔi ʊi |
ɑu |
- /œy/ is realized as [œi] before vowels and in the word-final position.
Some examples
Present tense
Sallaans | Dutch | English |
Ik loop(e) | Ik loop | I walk |
Ie loopt / lopen | Jij loopt | You walk |
Hee/hi'j / Zie/zi'j lup(t) | Hij / Zij loopt | He / she walks |
Wie loopt / lopen | Wij lopen | We walk |
Jullie / Juulu / ieluu loopt / lopen | Jullie lopen | You walk (plural) |
Zie loopt / lopen | Zij lopen | They walk |
Past tense
Sallaans | Dutch | English |
Ik liepe | Ik liep | I walked |
Ie liep'n | Jij liep | You walked |
Hee / Zee liep | Hij / Zij liep | He / She walked |
Wuu-lu liep'n | Wij liepen | We walked |
Jullie / Juu-lu liep'n | Jullie liepen | You walked (plural) |
Zie liep'n | Zij liepen | They walked |
Plurals and diminutives
Sallaans | Dutch | English |
eene komme | een kom | One bowl |
twee komm'n | twee kommen | Two bowls |
Sallaans | Dutch | English |
een kömmegie | een kommetje | one little bowl |
twee kömmegies | twee kommetjes | two little bowls |
References
|
Low Saxon edition of Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia |
- Henk Bloemhoff, Jurjen van der Kooi, Hermann Niebaum en Siemon Reker (red.), Handboek Nedersaksische Taal- en Letterkunde, Assen: Van Gorcum
- H. Scholtmeijer (2006), Mörn! Taalgids Overijssel, Assen: In Boekvorm Uitgevers bv. (p.64-65)
- G.G. Kloeke (1927) De Hollandsche expansie in de zestiende en zeventiende eeuw en haar weerspiegeling in de hedendaagsche Nederlandsche dialecten: Proeve eener historisch-dialectgeographische synthese
Bibliography
- Spa, J.J. (2011). De dialecten van centraal-Salland: Raalte, Heino en Lemelerveld.
Further reading
- Nijen Twilhaar, Jan (1999), "Deventer", in Kruijsen, Joep; van der Sijs, Nicoline (eds.), Honderd Jaar Stadstaal (PDF), Uitgeverij Contact, pp. 59–73
External links
Languages and dialects of Benelux |
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- Languages of Belgium
- Languages of the Netherlands
- Languages of Luxembourg
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Germanic languages |
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According to contemporary philology |
West |
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Anglo-Frisian | |
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Low German | |
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Low Franconian | Standard variants | |
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West Low Franconian | |
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East Low Franconian | |
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High German | Historical forms | |
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Standard German | |
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Non-standard variants and creoles | |
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Central German | West Central German | |
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East Central German | |
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Upper German | |
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Philology |
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Language subgroups |
- Northwest
- Gotho-Nordic
- South
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Reconstructed | |
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Diachronic features |
- Grimm's law
- Verner's law
- Holtzmann's law
- Sievers's law
- Kluge's law
- Germanic substrate hypothesis
- West Germanic gemination
- High German consonant shift
- Germanic a-mutation
- Germanic umlaut
- Germanic spirant law
- Ingvaeonic nasal spirant law
- Great Vowel Shift
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Synchronic features |
- Germanic verb
- Germanic strong verb
- Germanic weak verb
- Preterite-present verb
- Grammatischer Wechsel
- Indo-European ablaut
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- Italics indicate extinct languages
- Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
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