lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Search / Calendar

The Tivoid languages are a branch of the Southern Bantoid languages spoken in parts of Nigeria and Cameroon. The subfamily takes its name after Tiv, the most spoken language in the group.

Tivoid
Geographic
distribution
Southeastern Nigeria, southwestern Cameroon
Linguistic classificationNiger–Congo?
  • Atlantic–Congo
    • Volta-Congo
      • Benue–Congo
Proto-languageProto-Tivoid
Glottologtivo1239
The Tivoid languages shown within Nigeria and Cameroon:

Uncertain affiliation:

  Buru
  Furu
  Eastern Beboid
  Esimbi

Isolates:

  Mesaka

other Tivoid:

  North Tivoid
  Central Tivoid

The majority are threatened with extinction. The largest of these languages by far is the Tiv language for which the group is named; it had 2 million speakers in 1991. The second largest is the Bitare language; it had 110,000 speakers in 2000. Most apart from Tiv are extremely poorly known, and the next best, Esimbi, has not even been demonstrated to be Tivoid.


Languages


Following Blench (2010), Tivoid languages fall into three branches, though North Tivoid languages are almost unattested. The names in parentheses are dialects per Ethnologue, separate languages per Blench:

Central Tivoid
A: TivIyiveOtank, Evant; Ceve (Oliti)
B: Caka (Batanga, Asaka), Ipulo (Olulu), Eman (Amanavil)
Mesaka (Ugarə)
North Tivoid
Batu (Afi, Kamino), Abon, Bitare, ? Ambo

Esimbi is well attested, but there is not much reason to consider it Tivoid; it has just about as much in common with Grassfields languages.[1] The status of Buru within Tivoid is also uncertain.[1]

SIL Ethnologue lists three additional languages, Manta, Balo and Osatu, based on an old, provisional assignment of Blench; Blench (2010) states they are instead in the Southwest Grassfields (Western Momo) family.

The Momo languages, traditionally classified as Grassfields, may be closer to Tivoid, though that may be an effect of contact.[2]

Menchum, traditionally classified as Grassfields, may also be a Grassfields language or closer to Tivoid.


Names and locations (Nigeria)


Below is a list of Tivoid language names, populations, and locations (in Nigeria only) from Blench (2019).[3]

LanguageClusterAlternate spellingsOwn name for languageEndonym(s)Other names (location-based)Other names for languageExonym(s)SpeakersLocation(s)
AbonAbongAbõAbõAbonBa’banOnly spoken in Abong townTaraba State, Sardauna LGA, Abong town (east of Baissa)
Batu clusterBatu25,000 (SIL)Taraba State, Sardauna LGA, several villages east of Baissa, below the Mambila escarpment
Amanda–Afi clusterBatuTaraba State, Sardauna LGA, Batu Amanda and Batu Afi villages
AngweBatuTaraba State, Sardauna LGA, Batu Angwe village
KaminoBatuTaraba State, Sardauna LGA, Batu Kamino village
EmaneAmanaNo proof of permanent communities in NigeriaCross River State, Obudu LGA; and in Cameroon
EvantAvande, Evand, OvandeBalagete, BelegeteCross River State, Obudu LGA and in Cameroon
Iceve clusterIceveBanagere, Iyon, Utse, Utser, Utseu5,000 in Nigeria, 7,000 in Cameroon (1990 est.)Cross River State, Obudu LGA and in adjacent Cameroon
CeveIceveIcheve, Becheve, Bacheve, Bechere,IceveBaceveOchebe, Ocheve (names of founding ancestor)Cross River State, Obudu LGA and mainly in adjacent Cameroon
MaciIceveMatchiMaciKwaya, Olit, OlitiCross River State, Obudu LGA
IyiveUiveYiiveNdirAsumbo (Cover term used in Cameroon)2,000Benue State, Kwande LGA, near Turan; and in Cameroon (several villages in Manyu Département)
OtankUtanga, Otanga2,000 (1953 Bohannan); 2,500 (SIL)Cross River State, Obudu LGA; Benue State, Kwande LGA
TivTív, TiviMunshi (not recommended)800,000 (1952); 1,500,000 (1980 UBS)Benue State, Makurdi, Gwer, Gboko Kwande, Vandeikya and Katsina Ala LGAs; Nasarawa State, Lafia LGA; Taraba State, Wukari, Takum, Bali LGA; and in Cameroon
UgarәBinangeli, Messaka5000 (1994 est.)Cassetta & Cassetta (1994): ‘Probably 75‒80% of Ugare speakers live on the Cameroon side of the border, in the Akwaya subdivision of Cameroon’s Southwest Province.’
BitareNjwande, Yukutare3,700 in Cameroon (1987 SIL); 3,000 in Nigeria (1973 SIL)Taraba State; Sardauna LGA, near Baissa; and in Cameroon
AmboA single village east of BaissaTaraba State, Sardauna LGA

See also



Notes


  1. Blench, Roger (2010). "The Tivoid Languages" (PDF). p. 13.
  2. Blenh, Roger (2010). "Classification of Momo and West Momo" (PDF).
  3. Blench, Roger (2019). An Atlas of Nigerian Languages (4th ed.). Cambridge: Kay Williamson Educational Foundation.

References


 This article incorporates text available under the CC BY 3.0 license.


На других языках


- [en] Tivoid languages

[es] Lenguas tivoides

Las lenguas tivoides son un grupo de lenguas bantoides meridionales habladas en Camerún. La mayor parte de estas lenguas está al borde de la extinción con muy pocos hablantes. Sin embargo el idioma tiv tiene más de 2 millones de hablantes. La segunda lengua más importante el bitare tenía unos 110 mil hablantes (en 2000). aparte del tiv, la mayor parte de las lenguas está muy mal documentada; la siguiente lengua más conocida es el idioma esimbi, aunque ni siquiera está claro que esté emparentada directamente con el tiv.

[fr] Langues tivoïdes

Les langues tivoïdes sont une branche de langues africaines, appartenant à la sous-famille du groupe bantoïde de la Région du Sud du Cameroun, proches des langues béboïdes, et également des langues momo (en) ce qui permet d'envisager que des contacts avec celles-ci ont eu lieu[1]. Les connaissances concernant ce groupe sont extrêmement lacunaires, alors que le tiv est une langue régionale importante ; une des pistes de développement des connaissances pourrait être l'établissement de listes comparatives des deux côtés de la frontière Cameroun-Nigéria, notamment en ce qui concerne les désinences du pluriel des noms.



Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии