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The Dogon languages are a small closely-related language family that is spoken by the Dogon people of Mali and may belong to the proposed Niger–Congo family. There are about 600,000 speakers of its dozen languages. They are tonal languages, and most, like Dogul, have two tones, but some, like Donno So, have three. Their basic word order is subject–object–verb.

Dogon
EthnicityDogon people
Geographic
distribution
Dogon country, Mali (mainly Mopti Region)
Linguistic classificationNiger-Congo?
  • Dogon
Subdivisions
Glottologdogo1299
Map of the Dogon languages
  Bangime (likely language isolate)
  Plains Dogon – Jamsai, Toro Tegu, Western Plains (Togo Kan, Tengu Kan, Tomo Kan)
  Escarpment Dogon – Toro So, Tommo So, Donno So
  West Dogon – Duleri, Mombo, AmpariPenange, Budu
  North Plateau Dogon – Bondum, Dogul
  Nanga languages – Nanga, Bankan Tey, Ben Tey, Yanda

External relationships


The evidence linking Dogon to the Niger–Congo family is weak, and their place within the family, assuming they do belong, is not clear.[citation needed] Various theories have been proposed, placing them in Gur, Mande, or as an independent branch, the last now being the preferred approach. The Dogon languages show no remnants of the noun class system characteristic of much of Niger–Congo, leading linguists to conclude that they likely diverged from Niger–Congo very early.[citation needed]

Roger Blench comments,[1]

Dogon is both lexically and structurally very different from most other [Niger–Congo] families. It lacks the noun-classes usually regarded as typical of Niger–Congo and has a word order (SOV) that resembles Mande and Ịjọ, but not the other branches. The system of verbal inflections, resembling French is quite unlike any surrounding languages. As a consequence, the ancestor of Dogon is likely to have diverged very early, although the present-day languages probably reflect an origin some 3–4000 years ago. Dogon languages are territorially coherent, suggesting that, despite local migration histories, the Dogon have been in this area of Mali from their origin.

and:[2]

Dogon is certainly a well-founded and coherent group. But it has no characteristic Niger–Congo features (noun-classes, verbal extensions, labial-velars) and very few lexical cognates. It could equally well be an independent language family.

The Bamana and Fula languages have exerted significant influence on Dogon, due to their close cultural and geographical ties.

Blench (2015) suggests that Bangime and Dogon languages may have a substratum from a "missing" branch of Nilo-Saharan that had split off relatively early from Proto-Nilo-Saharan, and tentatively calls that branch "Plateau".[3]


Internal classification


The Dogon consider themselves a single ethnic group, but recognise that their languages are different. In Dogon cosmology, Dogon constitutes six of the twelve languages of the world (the others being Fulfulde, Mooré, Bambara, Bozo and Tamasheq).[4] Jamsay is thought to be the original Dogon language, but the Dogon "recognise a myriad of tiny distinctions even between parts of villages and sometimes individuals, and strive to preserve these" (Hochstetler 2004:18).

The best-studied Dogon language is the escarpment language Toro So (Tɔrɔ sɔɔ) of Sanga, due to Marcel Griaule's studies there and because Toro So was selected as one of thirteen national languages of Mali. It is mutually intelligible with other escarpment varieties. However, the plains languages—Tene Ka, Tomo Ka, and Jamsay, which are not intelligible with Toro so—have more speakers, and Jamsay and Tommo so are most conservative linguistically.


Calame-Griaule (1956)


Calame-Griaule appears to have been the first to work out the various varieties of Dogon. Calame-Griaule (1956) classified the languages as follows, with accommodation given for languages which have since been discovered (new Dogon languages were reported as late as 2005), or have since been shown to be mutually intelligible (as Hochstetler confirmed for the escarpment dialects). The two standard languages are asterisked.

Douyon and Blench (2005) report an additional variety, which is as yet unclassified:

Blench noted that the plural suffix on nouns suggests that Budu is closest to Mombo, so it has been tentatively included as West Dogon above. He also notes that Walo–Kumbe is lexically similar to Naŋa; Hochstetler suspects it may be Naŋa. The similarities between these languages may be shared with Yanda. These are all extremely poorly known.


Glottolog 4.3


Glottolog 4.3[5] synthesises classifications from Moran & Prokić (2013) and Hochstetler (2004). Moran & Prokić (2013) argue for a binary east-west split within Dogon, with Yanda Dom Dogon, Tebul Ure Dogon, and Najamba-Kindige as originally western Dogon languages that have become increasingly more similar to eastern Dogon languages due to intensive contact.


Pre-Dogon language


Bangime language (aka Baŋgɛri mɛ), formerly considered a divergent branch of Dogon, turns out not to be Dogon at all, and is possibly a language isolate (Blench 2005b). Blench believes that it is a remnant of the pre-Dogon languages of the area; the Dogon appear to have been in the area for many thousands of years.

Additionally, Blench (2015)[6] suggests that there is a Nilo-Saharan substratum in the Dogon languages, with the Nilo-Saharan substrate being a currently extinct branch of Nilo-Saharan that Blench tentatively refers to as "Plateau."


Comparative vocabulary


Comparison of basic vocabulary words of the Dogon languages,[7] along with Bangime:[8]

LanguageLocationeyeearnosetoothtonguemouthbloodbonetreewatereatname
Yorno-Sogìrǐːsúgùrùkínɛ̌nnɛ́nɛ́, nɛ̀nɛ̌ːkɛ̀nɛ́, áŋáìllîːkǐːnáːdǐːkáːbôy
Toro TeguTabijìró, gìrósúgúrúcìrⁿò-kájìrⁿólèlánéŋcìránáː, X nàlí ~ lɛ́ìsǒŋ
Ben TeyBenijìrésúːrⁿùcírⁿììrⁿú, ìrⁿílɛ̀mdɛ̂ːmǒː, m̀bǒːgòŋgòrócìrⁿéynáː, nàː-dûmnîːñɛ́ìnìrⁿîː
Yanda DomYandagìd-íyè, gìdèsúnkìnzàìnnɛ̀mdàcɛ́nɛ́, m̀bòjènjùkìrⁿàtìmè, tìmɛ̀, nìːínjúʔə́ñɛ́ ~ ʔə́ñá-lìín
JamsayDouentzajìrésûncírⁿéìrⁿénɛ̀nɛ́káːnɛ̂yⁿcìrⁿénáːníːñɛ́ːbón
Perge TeguPerguégìrésúŋúrⁿùkírⁿéìrⁿélɛ̀lɛ́káːnɛ̂mkìrⁿénáːníːñɛ́ːsórⁿú
GourouKirigìrésúŋùnkírⁿéìrⁿénɛ̀nɛ́káːnɛ̂yⁿkìrⁿé̀̌níːñɛ́ːbón
NangaAndagìrésúŋúrⁿìkírⁿêǹnɛ́, ìnɛ́, ìrⁿɛ́nɛ́ndɛ̀nɔ̌ːgòndùgókìrⁿádéː, nàː dûːnîːkɔ́ːǹnèrⁿî, ìnèrⁿî
Bankan-TeyWalogìrésûncírⁿèŋìrⁿɛ́, ñìrⁿɛ́lɛ̀mbìrɛ̂mbǔːgòŋgòrókìrⁿěynàː-dûmnîːñɛ́ŋìnnîː, ñìnnîː
NajambaKubewel-Adiagìró ~ gìrésúnùː ~ súnìːkìnjâː ~ kìnjɛ̂ːìnɔ̌ː ~ ìnɛ̌ːnɛ̌ndɔ̀ː ~ nɛ̌ndɛ̀ːìbí-ŋgé ~ ìbígěn-gé ~ gěnkìná-ŋgó ~ kìnánǐː ~ nìː-mbóíŋgé ~ íŋgé, ínjé ~ ínjékwɛ́ínèn ~ ínèn
Tommo-SoTongo-Tongogìrésúgúlúkínúìnúnííndɛ́kɛ̀nnɛ́, áŋáìlìyékìyétímɛ́dííńyɛ́bóy
Togo-KanKoporo-pengìrésúgúrúkírⁿíìrⁿínɛ́nɛ́káⁿnɛ́kìrⁿínáːdíːñíː ~ ñíːbɔ́ⁿ
MomboSonghogírèsúgúlí kìjìkìjìkínjàínnìnèːndédónìgèːŋgégàːwⁿěːtíníŋgɔ̀mîːɲɛ́ːíní
Bangime[8]ɡìrétàŋàsúmbí-rìn nóɔ́ n síìⁿnóɔ́ n ʒɛ̀rínɔ́ɔ̀ʒíìnnòɔ̀rɛ̀dʷàà, dʷàɛ̀ɥíèdì-á(màá) níì

Numerals


Comparison of numerals in individual languages:[9]

Language12345678910
Dogulu Dom (1)tɔ̀mɔ̀nééɡètáándùkɛ́ɛ́sɔ̀ǹókúlèsɔ́ɔ́wɛ̀sèèlétùùwɔ́pɛ́ɛ̀l
Dogul Dom Dogon (2)tomonɛiɡetaandukɛɛson'nɔkuloisɔɔiseeletuwɔpɛɛl
Tommo So Dogontíí (túmɔ́ as a modifier)néétààndúnǎyǹnɔ́kúlóysɔ́yɡáɡìràtúwwɔ́pɛ́l
Donno So Dogontí (for counting), túrulɛ̀ytàːnunàynùmoro / nnɔkúlóy / kuleisɔ̀yɡàɡaratùo / tuɡɔpɛ́lu
Jamsay Dogontúrúlɛ̌y / lɛ̀ytǎːn / tàːnnǎyⁿ / nàyⁿ *nǔːyⁿ / nùːyⁿkúróysûyⁿɡáːràláːrúwà / láːrwàpɛ́rú
Toro So Dogon (1)tíì (for counting), túrúlɛ́jtàánúnàjínùmɔ́r̃ɔ́kúlòjsɔ́jɡááràtúwɔ́pɛ́rú
Toro So Dogon (2)tíírú (for counting), túrúléítáánúnáínúmɔ́rɔ́nkúlóísɔ́íɡáɡárátúwɔ́pɛ́lú
Toro Tegu Dogontúrúlɛ̌ytǎːlínǎyⁿ *nǔːyⁿkúréysóyⁿɡáːràláːràpɛ́ró
Bankan Tey Dogontùmájǒjtàːnínìŋŋějⁿnùmmǔjⁿkúròjsíjⁿɔ̀jⁿɡáːràjtèːsúmpɛ́ːrú
Ben Tey Dogontùmɔ́:yěytàːnúnǐːyⁿnùmǔyⁿkúròysúyⁿɔ̀yⁿɡáːràytèːsǐmpɛ́rú
Mombo Dogonyɛ̀ːtáːŋɡù / tíːtà (in counting)nɛ́ːŋɡátáːndìkɛ́ːjɔ́núːmùkúléyⁿsɔ́ːlìséːlètóːwàpɛ́ːlù
Najamba-Kindigekúndénôːjtàːndîːkɛ́ːdʒɛ̀jnùmîːkúlèjswɛ̂jsáːɡìːtwâjpíjɛ́lì
Nanga Dogontùmâwǒjtàːndǐːnɔ̌jⁿnìmǐːkúrêsújɛ̂ɡáːrɛ̀tèːsǐːpɛ́ːrú
Togo Kan Dogon (1)lɔ́ytàán, tàánúnǎyⁿnúnɛ́ɛ́ⁿkúréésɔ́ɔ̀sìláàtúwáàpɛ́rú
Togo Kan Dogon (2)lɔ́yìtánnnáɲìnúmɛ̀kúlènsɔ́sílàtúwàpɛ́lì
Yanda Dom Dogontùmá:nɔ́ː / nótáːndùcɛ́zɔ̀nûmkúléswɛ́ːsáːɡètwâːpíyél

See also



Notes


  1. Dogon Languages Archived June 15, 2013, at the Wayback Machine Retrieved May 19, 2013
  2. Roger Blench, Niger-Congo: an alternative view
  3. Blench, Roger. 2015. Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon. In Mother Tongue, Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of Harold Crane Fleming (1926-2015).
  4. The last is not mentioned in Hochstetler's sources.
  5. Glottolog 4.3.
  6. Blench, Roger. 2015. Was there a now-vanished branch of Nilo-Saharan on the Dogon Plateau? Evidence from substrate vocabulary in Bangime and Dogon. Mother Tongue, Issue 20, 2015: In Memory of Harold Crane Fleming (1926-2015).
  7. Heath, Jeffrey; McPherson, Laura; Prokhorov, Kirill; Moran, Steven. 2015. Dogon Comparative Wordlist. Unpublished Manuscript.
  8. Heath, Jeffrey. 2013. Bangime and Dogon Comparative Wordlists. m.s.
  9. Chan, Eugene (2019). "The Niger-Congo Language Phylum". Numeral Systems of the World's Languages.

References





На других языках


[de] Dogon (Sprache)

Das Dogon ist, je nach Standpunkt, eine Einzelsprache oder Unter-Sprachfamilie der Niger-Kongo-Sprachen, die einen eigenen Primärzweig bildet. Dogon wird von etwa 600.000 Menschen in Mali und Burkina Faso gesprochen.
- [en] Dogon languages

[es] Lenguas dogón

Las lenguas dogón constituyen una familia de unas veinte lenguas emparentadas habladas por los diversos pueblos dogón que usualmente se clasifican como una rama divergente de las familia Níger-Congo, aunque el lugar preciso que ocupan las lenguas dogón en el árbol filogenético es muy inseguro. Ocasionalmente se habla de un idioma dogón, pero la enorme divergencia interna no justifica el considerar que todas las variedades dogón como dialectos de una misma lengua.

[fr] Langues dogon

Les langues dogon sont une branche de la famille des langues nigéro-congolaises. Elles sont parlées par 600 000 locuteurs[1] au Burkina Faso et au Mali.

[it] Lingua dogon

Il dogon (Endonimo: dɔgɔsɔ) è la lingua parlata dal popolo Dogon. Secondo Vladimir Plungian, nel 1995[1], la lingua dogon era parlata da circa 600.000 persone, principalmente nel Mali, ma anche nel Burkina Faso.

[ru] Догонские языки

Догонские языки (или языки догон) — семья в составе нигеро-конголезских языков. Распространены среди догонов в Мали (проживающих компактно или смешанно с фульбе в районе уступа Бандиагара и прилегающего к нему плато на северо-западе, а также равнины Сено на юго-востоке) и в пограничных сёлах Буркина-Фасо. Число говорящих около 800 тыс. чел. (2007, оценка).



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