lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguagePalaihnihan (also Palaihnih) is a language family of northeastern California. It consists of two closely related languages, both now extinct:
- Atsugewi (†)
- Achumawi (†) (ís siwa wó disi, also known as Achomawi, Pit River Indian)
Palaihnihan |
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Geographic distribution | California |
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Linguistic classification | Hokan ? |
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Proto-language | Proto-Palaihnihan |
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Subdivisions |
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Glottolog | pala1350 |
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Reconstruction
The original reconstruction of proto-Palaihnihan suffered from poor quality data. David Olmsted's dictionary depends almost entirely upon de Angulo, who did not record the phonological distinctions consistently or well,[1] and carelessly includes Pomo vocabulary from a manuscript in which he (de Angulo) set out to demonstrate that Achumawi and Pomo are not related.[2] William Bright has also pointed out problems with Olmsted's methods of reconstruction.[3] The reconstruction is being refined with newer data.[4]
Good, McFarland, & Paster (2003) conclude there were at least three vowels, *a *i *u, and possibly marginal *e, along with vowel length and ablaut. Consonants were as follows:[4]
|
Bilabial |
Alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Uvular |
(Epi)glottal |
Stop |
plain |
p |
t |
tʃ |
k |
q |
ʔ |
aspirated |
pʰ |
tʰ |
tʃʰ |
kʰ |
qʰ |
|
ejective |
pʼ |
tʼ |
tʃʼ |
kʼ |
qʼ |
|
Fricative |
|
s |
|
|
|
ʜ h |
Nasal |
plain |
m |
n |
|
|
|
|
glottalized |
mˀ |
nˀ |
|
|
|
|
Trill |
plain |
|
r |
|
|
|
|
glottalized |
|
rˀ |
|
|
|
|
Approximant |
plain |
w |
l |
j |
|
|
|
glottalized |
wˀ |
lˀ |
jˀ |
|
|
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Genetic relations
The Palaihnihan family is often connected with the hypothetical Hokan stock. Proposed special relationships within Hokan include Palaihnihan with Shastan (known as Shasta-Achomawi) and within a Kahi sub-group (also known as Northern Hokan) with Shastan, Chimariko, and Karuk.
References
Bibliography
- Bright, William; Olmsted, D. L. (1965). "[Review of A history of Palaihnihan phonology by D. L. Olmsted]". Language. 41 (1): 175–178. doi:10.2307/411871. JSTOR 411871.
- Good, Jeff; McFarland, Teresa; & Paster, Mary. (2003). Reconstructing Achumawi and Atsugewi: Proto-Palaihnihan revisited. Atlanta, GA. (Paper presented at the annual meeting of the Society for the Study of the Indigenous Languages of the Americas, January 2–5).
- Mithun, Marianne. (1999). The languages of Native North America. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 0-521-23228-7 (hbk); ISBN 0-521-29875-X.
- Nevin, Bruce E. (1991). "Obsolescence in Achumawi: Why Uldall Too?". Papers from the American Indian Languages Conferences, held at the University of California, Santa Cruz, July and August 1991. Occasional Papers on Linguistics 16:97-127. Department of Linguistics, Southern Illinois University at Carbondale.
- Nevin, Bruce E. (1998). Aspects of Pit River phonology. Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.
- Olmsted, David L. (1954). "Achumawi–Atsugewi non-reciprocal intelligibility". International Journal of American Linguistics. 20 (3): 181–184. doi:10.1086/464275.
- Olmsted, David L. (1956). "Palaihnihan and Shasta I: Labial stops". Language. 32 (1): 73–77. doi:10.2307/410654. JSTOR 410654.
- Olmsted, David L. (1957). "Palaihnihan and Shasta II: Apical stops". Language. 33 (2): 136–138. doi:10.2307/410725. JSTOR 410725.
- Olmsted, David L. (1959). "Palaihnihan and Shasta III: Dorsal stops". Language. 35 (4): 637–644. doi:10.2307/410603. JSTOR 410603.
- Olmsted, David L. (1958). Atsugewi Phonology, International Journal of American Linguistics, Vol. 24, No. 3, Franz Boas Centennial, Volume (Jul., 1958), pp. 215–220.
- Olmsted, David L. (1964). A history of Palaihnihan phonology. University of California publications in linguistics (Vol. 35). Berkeley: University of California Press.
Primary language families |
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Africa | |
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Eurasia (Europe and Asia) | |
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New Guinea and the Pacific | |
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Australia | |
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North America | |
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Mesoamerica | |
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South America | | Isolates (extant in 2000) | |
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Sign languages | | Isolates |
- See list of sign languages
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See also |
- Constructed languages
- Creoles
- Language isolates
- Mixed languages
- Pidgins
- Unclassified languages
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- Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
- Families in italics have no living members.
- Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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Indigenous language families and isolates of North America |
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Language families and isolates |
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Proposed groupings | |
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Lists |
- Classification
- Extinct languages
- Unclassified languages
- Linguistic areas
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На других языках
- [en] Palaihnihan languages
[es] Lenguas palaihnihanas
Las lenguas palaihnihanas (también llamadas Palaihnih) son una familia de lenguas del noreste de California, Estados Unidos.
[fr] Langues palaihnihanes
Les langues palaihnihanes sont une petite famille de langues amérindiennes parlées dans le nord de la Californie.
[ru] Палайнихские языки
Палахнихские языки (лайкни, палайхнихские) — семья индейских языков на северо-востоке Калифорнии.
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