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The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family.
| Yura | |
|---|---|
| Thura-Yura | |
| Geographic distribution | South Australia |
| Linguistic classification | Pama–Nyungan
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | thur1253 |
 Thura-Yura languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan). The two groups are Nangga (west) and Yura–Kadli (east) | |
Name
The name Yura comes from the word for "person" in the northern languages; this is a lenited form of the thura found in other languages, hence Thura-Yura. Similar words for "person" are found in languages outside the group, however (for example 'yura' - 'person' in the Sydney language).[1]
Languages
The following classification is proposed by Bowern & Koch (2004):[2]
- Nangga: Wirangu, Nauo
- Core Thura-Yura
- Yura (northern): Adnyamathanha–Kuyani, Barngarla
- Kadli (southern): Narangga, Kaurna
- (unclassified) Nukunu, Ngadjuri
A Nukunu speaker reported that the Nukunu could understand Barngarla and Kuyani, but not more distant varieties.[2]
Peramangk may have been a southern Thura-Yura language, close to Kaurna.
Dixon (2002) lists a Nantuwara language, but there is no data for it.
Proto-language
| Proto-Thura-Yura | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Thura-Yura languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | Proto-Pama–Nyungan
|
Reconstructed Thura-Yura vocabulary by Simpson and Hercus (2004):[3]
- Spelling conventions
- alveolar tap: r
- alveolar trill: rr
- retroflex glide: ṟ
- retroflex tap: rd
- indeterminate rhotic: R
| gloss | Proto-Thura-Yura | Proto-Core Thura-Yura | Northern Thura-Yura | Southern Thura-Yura |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | wapu; kurru | |||
| all, many, big | *marna | |||
| ashes | *muru | thimpa | ||
| ashes (charcoal) | piirla | |||
| bad | *wadLV | |||
| bad (without) | *wakV-Na | |||
| bark | ?*yulti | |||
| beard | ngaNka | yaNka | ||
| beard, cheek, hair | *maLTa | |||
| belly | warna | munthu | ||
| belly (abdomen) | ?*TiDLi | |||
| big | ngarla | |||
| bird | THirta | |||
| black | maṟu | |||
| blood | ?*kaaṟu; *karti | |||
| body: muscle, sinew | *THiltya | *thiltya | ||
| bone | *waLpu | *waLpu | warlpu | |
| breast | *ngamV | |||
| camp (house) | *warDli | |||
| camp (house, ?from “join”) | *karrpa | *karrpa | ||
| camp (hut) | karnku | |||
| chest | *kuntu | |||
| child, baby | wa(L)kuwa(L)ku | |||
| child, small | *kitya | yakaCV; waNi | ||
| child, voice of infant | *kunga | |||
| cloud | *ma(L)ku | |||
| cloud (low, fog) | *putyi | |||
| cold (cough) | *kuLTV- | |||
| cold, frost | *pakaDla | |||
| cold (in head) | (y)urrkV- | |||
| cold (weather) | *paya-; *mVnyV | *manya | payala (Probably derived from “to bite”) | |
| come here! | *paNi; *ka | *kawayi | ||
| dog | *wiLka | wiLka (domestic dog) | kadli (domestic dog) | |
| down, below | ?*warta- | wartathi | ||
| dry | *muDLa | murdla | ||
| dry, dust | *puthV-RV | |||
| ear | *yuṟi | |||
| earth | *yarta | |||
| egg | pipi | muka | ||
| elbow | *thiDNngi | K/NGuNaN- | ||
| eye | *mii-na | |||
| eyebrow | *piiku | |||
| far (stranger) | yampa | |||
| fat | *mVrnV | *marni | ||
| feather | ?*paDLu | |||
| fingernail | *pirri | |||
| fire | *karDla | |||
| fish | *kuya | |||
| fly | *thapu | |||
| fly (big fly) | *thumpV-Ca | *thupV(-Ra) | ||
| food | *mayi | |||
| foot | *THiDna | *thidna | ||
| good | *wayV- | |||
| hair, feather | *puthi | |||
| hand | *maṟa | |||
| head | *kaka | |||
| heart | thurlku | |||
| hungry | karnpa | |||
| knee | ?*puṟV | *mampa | puṟa | |
| knee (kneecap) | *maTa | |||
| leaf | karlpi | |||
| liver | *Tangka | thangka; ngaLTi | ||
| louse | *kuDLu | *kuDlu | ||
| man (boy after circumcision) | pardnaapa | |||
| man (companion) | *Nipu | |||
| man (grown-up) | *miṟu (grownup man) | |||
| man (husband) | marni | |||
| man (initiand) | ?*wilya-ṟu | ?*ngulta | ||
| man (male, husband) | *yarDli | |||
| man (person) | ?*Tuṟa | *thuṟa | ||
| meat | *paRu | |||
| meat, flesh, heart | *puLTHA | *puLTHa | *pultha | |
| moon | *piṟa | |||
| mouth | *Taa | |||
| mouth, lip | Nimi | |||
| name | *mityi | |||
| nape, neck | ngurnti, nhurnti; wakarra | |||
| neck | *waLTu | |||
| night | *nguLTi | maLTi | ||
| night, yesterday | *wiltya | |||
| north wind, hot weather | *pukarra | |||
| north-east wind | ngarnara | karnaRa | ||
| nose | *muDlha | *mudlha | ||
| not, do not | *madLa | mardla; kuta | ||
| now | *kaRi | |||
| now, again | ?*nhaTa | |||
| now, morning | ?*panyi | |||
| now, soon | yatha | |||
| old man | *puLka | |||
| one | *kuma | |||
| other, another, the rest | *kutyu | |||
| penis | *waRi | |||
| pigface, plant food type (?Carpobrotus_rossii sp.) | ?*kaCkaLa | *karrkaLa | ||
| red | ?*TVLTV- | *TaLTHa- | thaltha- | |
| red ochre | *miLTi; *karrku | |||
| rib | *TiNinyV | |||
| rib, side, flank | *pantyi | |||
| road | ?*Tapa | *Tapa | thapa | |
| root | ||||
| rotten, bad-smelling | ?*puka | *thungkV | ||
| shit, faeces | *kuDna | *kudna | ||
| shoulder | piLpi- | |||
| shoulder, wing | *wiṟi | |||
| sick, ill | ?*ngaNDa-N | |||
| sick, wound | *mingka | |||
| skin | ?*paLpa | piyi | paLpa | |
| skin, clothes | *palhtha | |||
| sky | *NayirrV | iLkaRV | ||
| sky, cloud and dust | ?*wirra | |||
| smoke | *puyu | |||
| smoke (stuff for producing smoke) | ?*Tumpu | |||
| snake | ?*TuDNu | wapma | ||
| snake, carpet snake | muDLV- | |||
| south and south wind | *parrpa | |||
| southerly wind | *walypi | waitpi | ||
| spear (large) | *wiNTa | wirnta | ||
| spear (small) | *kVya | *kaya | ||
| spit | *THaDlhi | *THadlhi | ngapalya; ngalytya | |
| star | *purDli | |||
| stone, adze | THurdla | |||
| stone, cooking stone | ?*kaDnya | |||
| stone, hill, grinding stone, kneecap | *puRi | |||
| stone, limestone | *parnta | |||
| stone, quartz-like stone, ice | *makV | |||
| sun | *THirntu | *thirntu | ||
| tail | kaDLHa | |||
| testicles | *kaDLu | *kadLu | kardlu | |
| that (near) | *pa- | *pa- | pa-nha | |
| that (remote) | *ngu- | ngunha | ||
| thigh | *kaNTHi | *kaNTHi | kanthi | |
| thigh, flank, groin | ?*paLTi | |||
| this (nearest) | *iNHa | |||
| throat | *yurDni | |||
| to bite | *paya- | |||
| to burn tr. | *kampa- | |||
| to burn intr. | *ngaDLi- | |||
| to climb | ?*warnta- | |||
| to come | ?*puDNa- | |||
| to cry, call | *kaLTa- | |||
| to cry, tears | *muLka | |||
| to cry, to scream | *ngaTV- | |||
| to cut | ?*waNi- | |||
| to die | *paDLu- | thinta-; padlu- | ||
| to die, dead | *kuDnyu | kupa | ||
| to dig | *paNi-; ?*paka- | pani- | ||
| to drink, to kiss, to manipulate with mouth | *THapa- | *Tapa- | thapa- | |
| to eat | *ngaLku- | |||
| to enter | *ngaLpa- | |||
| to fall | *warDni- | |||
| to get | *manku- | |||
| to get, pick up, lead, bring | *kaNka- | *kangka- | ||
| to get, take away | *mama- | |||
| to give | *yungkV- | nhungku- | ||
| to go | ?*wiNV- | nguka- | ||
| to go, walk | ?*padNV- | |||
| to hear | *yuri- See “ear”. | |||
| to hit with hand | *paLTa- | |||
| to hit with missile | *nguṟV- | nguṟa- | ||
| to hit, cause break in material integrity | *pungku- | |||
| to hit, kill | *kuNTa- | kurnta- | ||
| to know, see | *THiLka- | *thiLka- | ||
| to leave it | *wVNTV- | *waNTa- | wanthV- | |
| to lie down | *waNTi- | wanti- | ||
| to put, to get used to | ila- | |||
| to see | *nhaku- | |||
| to sit | *Tika- | thika- | ||
| to sleep, asleep | *miya | |||
| to speak | *wangka- | |||
| to spear | wiTi- | |||
| to stand | *yuwa- | |||
| to throw | *paTV- | patha- | ||
| to tie, support, build | ?*karrpV- | karrpV- | ||
| tomorrow | ?*TarrkV- | |||
| tongue | *THa(a)LiN | tha(a)rli | tha(d)lVnya | |
| tooth | yira | Tiya | ||
| tree | *wadLa; *wira | wardla | ||
| two | *puLa | puDla; kalypilV | purla | |
| up, above | ?*kaNka | kanka | ||
| up, above, high | *karra | |||
| urine, piss | *kumpu | |||
| warm (weather) | *warlta | |||
| water | *kawi; *kapi | |||
| west | *wangka | |||
| what (how many) | *-miNV | [-]minha | ||
| what? | *Na-, ?*Nawi | |||
| when? | *nhaDLa-TV | |||
| where? | ?*wa-THa | *wa-(nha) | ||
| white | *paLkV | *paLka | paLka-ra | |
| who? (Ergative, Instrumental) | *ngaNTu | |||
| who? (Nominative) | *ngaNa | *ngaNa | ||
| who? (Possessive) | *ngaNku | |||
| wind | *wari | |||
| woman | *pa(a)rla | ngangki | ||
| woman, girl | *mankarra | |||
| woman, mother, female | *ngamV-THV | |||
| woman, wife | *kartu | |||
| yam, edible root, plant food type | *ngampa | |||
| yesterday | *puki | |||
| young one | papa |
References
 |
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Thura-Yura reconstructions |
- Macquarie Dictionary Aboriginal Words, 1994; p. 66
- Bowern & Koch (2004) Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method
- Simpson, Jane and Luise Hercus. 2004. Thura-Yura as a Subgroup. In Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (eds.), Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, 179-206, 580-645. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Simpson, Jane; Hercus, Luise (2004). "Thura-Yura as a subgroup". In Claire Bowern; Harold Koch (eds.). Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
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