lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
The Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family.
| Yura | |
|---|---|
| Thura-Yura | |
| Geographic distribution | South Australia |
| Linguistic classification | Pama–Nyungan
|
| Subdivisions |
|
| Glottolog | thur1253 |
 Thura-Yura languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan). The two groups are Nangga (west) and Yura–Kadli (east) | |
Name
The name Yura comes from the word for "person" in the northern languages; this is a lenited form of the thura found in other languages, hence Thura-Yura. Similar words for "person" are found in languages outside the group, however (for example 'yura' - 'person' in the Sydney language).[1]
Languages
The following classification is proposed by Bowern & Koch (2004):[2]
- Nangga: Wirangu, Nauo
- Core Thura-Yura
- Yura (northern): Adnyamathanha–Kuyani, Barngarla
- Kadli (southern): Narangga, Kaurna
- (unclassified) Nukunu, Ngadjuri
A Nukunu speaker reported that the Nukunu could understand Barngarla and Kuyani, but not more distant varieties.[2]
Peramangk may have been a southern Thura-Yura language, close to Kaurna.
Dixon (2002) lists a Nantuwara language, but there is no data for it.
Proto-language
| Proto-Thura-Yura | |
|---|---|
| Reconstruction of | Thura-Yura languages |
Reconstructed ancestor | Proto-Pama–Nyungan
|
Reconstructed Thura-Yura vocabulary by Simpson and Hercus (2004):[3]
- Spelling conventions
- alveolar tap: r
- alveolar trill: rr
- retroflex glide: ṟ
- retroflex tap: rd
- indeterminate rhotic: R
| gloss | Proto-Thura-Yura | Proto-Core Thura-Yura | Northern Thura-Yura | Southern Thura-Yura |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| all | wapu; kurru | |||
| all, many, big | *marna | |||
| ashes | *muru | thimpa | ||
| ashes (charcoal) | piirla | |||
| bad | *wadLV | |||
| bad (without) | *wakV-Na | |||
| bark | ?*yulti | |||
| beard | ngaNka | yaNka | ||
| beard, cheek, hair | *maLTa | |||
| belly | warna | munthu | ||
| belly (abdomen) | ?*TiDLi | |||
| big | ngarla | |||
| bird | THirta | |||
| black | maṟu | |||
| blood | ?*kaaṟu; *karti | |||
| body: muscle, sinew | *THiltya | *thiltya | ||
| bone | *waLpu | *waLpu | warlpu | |
| breast | *ngamV | |||
| camp (house) | *warDli | |||
| camp (house, ?from “join”) | *karrpa | *karrpa | ||
| camp (hut) | karnku | |||
| chest | *kuntu | |||
| child, baby | wa(L)kuwa(L)ku | |||
| child, small | *kitya | yakaCV; waNi | ||
| child, voice of infant | *kunga | |||
| cloud | *ma(L)ku | |||
| cloud (low, fog) | *putyi | |||
| cold (cough) | *kuLTV- | |||
| cold, frost | *pakaDla | |||
| cold (in head) | (y)urrkV- | |||
| cold (weather) | *paya-; *mVnyV | *manya | payala (Probably derived from “to bite”) | |
| come here! | *paNi; *ka | *kawayi | ||
| dog | *wiLka | wiLka (domestic dog) | kadli (domestic dog) | |
| down, below | ?*warta- | wartathi | ||
| dry | *muDLa | murdla | ||
| dry, dust | *puthV-RV | |||
| ear | *yuṟi | |||
| earth | *yarta | |||
| egg | pipi | muka | ||
| elbow | *thiDNngi | K/NGuNaN- | ||
| eye | *mii-na | |||
| eyebrow | *piiku | |||
| far (stranger) | yampa | |||
| fat | *mVrnV | *marni | ||
| feather | ?*paDLu | |||
| fingernail | *pirri | |||
| fire | *karDla | |||
| fish | *kuya | |||
| fly | *thapu | |||
| fly (big fly) | *thumpV-Ca | *thupV(-Ra) | ||
| food | *mayi | |||
| foot | *THiDna | *thidna | ||
| good | *wayV- | |||
| hair, feather | *puthi | |||
| hand | *maṟa | |||
| head | *kaka | |||
| heart | thurlku | |||
| hungry | karnpa | |||
| knee | ?*puṟV | *mampa | puṟa | |
| knee (kneecap) | *maTa | |||
| leaf | karlpi | |||
| liver | *Tangka | thangka; ngaLTi | ||
| louse | *kuDLu | *kuDlu | ||
| man (boy after circumcision) | pardnaapa | |||
| man (companion) | *Nipu | |||
| man (grown-up) | *miṟu (grownup man) | |||
| man (husband) | marni | |||
| man (initiand) | ?*wilya-ṟu | ?*ngulta | ||
| man (male, husband) | *yarDli | |||
| man (person) | ?*Tuṟa | *thuṟa | ||
| meat | *paRu | |||
| meat, flesh, heart | *puLTHA | *puLTHa | *pultha | |
| moon | *piṟa | |||
| mouth | *Taa | |||
| mouth, lip | Nimi | |||
| name | *mityi | |||
| nape, neck | ngurnti, nhurnti; wakarra | |||
| neck | *waLTu | |||
| night | *nguLTi | maLTi | ||
| night, yesterday | *wiltya | |||
| north wind, hot weather | *pukarra | |||
| north-east wind | ngarnara | karnaRa | ||
| nose | *muDlha | *mudlha | ||
| not, do not | *madLa | mardla; kuta | ||
| now | *kaRi | |||
| now, again | ?*nhaTa | |||
| now, morning | ?*panyi | |||
| now, soon | yatha | |||
| old man | *puLka | |||
| one | *kuma | |||
| other, another, the rest | *kutyu | |||
| penis | *waRi | |||
| pigface, plant food type (?Carpobrotus_rossii sp.) | ?*kaCkaLa | *karrkaLa | ||
| red | ?*TVLTV- | *TaLTHa- | thaltha- | |
| red ochre | *miLTi; *karrku | |||
| rib | *TiNinyV | |||
| rib, side, flank | *pantyi | |||
| road | ?*Tapa | *Tapa | thapa | |
| root | ||||
| rotten, bad-smelling | ?*puka | *thungkV | ||
| shit, faeces | *kuDna | *kudna | ||
| shoulder | piLpi- | |||
| shoulder, wing | *wiṟi | |||
| sick, ill | ?*ngaNDa-N | |||
| sick, wound | *mingka | |||
| skin | ?*paLpa | piyi | paLpa | |
| skin, clothes | *palhtha | |||
| sky | *NayirrV | iLkaRV | ||
| sky, cloud and dust | ?*wirra | |||
| smoke | *puyu | |||
| smoke (stuff for producing smoke) | ?*Tumpu | |||
| snake | ?*TuDNu | wapma | ||
| snake, carpet snake | muDLV- | |||
| south and south wind | *parrpa | |||
| southerly wind | *walypi | waitpi | ||
| spear (large) | *wiNTa | wirnta | ||
| spear (small) | *kVya | *kaya | ||
| spit | *THaDlhi | *THadlhi | ngapalya; ngalytya | |
| star | *purDli | |||
| stone, adze | THurdla | |||
| stone, cooking stone | ?*kaDnya | |||
| stone, hill, grinding stone, kneecap | *puRi | |||
| stone, limestone | *parnta | |||
| stone, quartz-like stone, ice | *makV | |||
| sun | *THirntu | *thirntu | ||
| tail | kaDLHa | |||
| testicles | *kaDLu | *kadLu | kardlu | |
| that (near) | *pa- | *pa- | pa-nha | |
| that (remote) | *ngu- | ngunha | ||
| thigh | *kaNTHi | *kaNTHi | kanthi | |
| thigh, flank, groin | ?*paLTi | |||
| this (nearest) | *iNHa | |||
| throat | *yurDni | |||
| to bite | *paya- | |||
| to burn tr. | *kampa- | |||
| to burn intr. | *ngaDLi- | |||
| to climb | ?*warnta- | |||
| to come | ?*puDNa- | |||
| to cry, call | *kaLTa- | |||
| to cry, tears | *muLka | |||
| to cry, to scream | *ngaTV- | |||
| to cut | ?*waNi- | |||
| to die | *paDLu- | thinta-; padlu- | ||
| to die, dead | *kuDnyu | kupa | ||
| to dig | *paNi-; ?*paka- | pani- | ||
| to drink, to kiss, to manipulate with mouth | *THapa- | *Tapa- | thapa- | |
| to eat | *ngaLku- | |||
| to enter | *ngaLpa- | |||
| to fall | *warDni- | |||
| to get | *manku- | |||
| to get, pick up, lead, bring | *kaNka- | *kangka- | ||
| to get, take away | *mama- | |||
| to give | *yungkV- | nhungku- | ||
| to go | ?*wiNV- | nguka- | ||
| to go, walk | ?*padNV- | |||
| to hear | *yuri- See “ear”. | |||
| to hit with hand | *paLTa- | |||
| to hit with missile | *nguṟV- | nguṟa- | ||
| to hit, cause break in material integrity | *pungku- | |||
| to hit, kill | *kuNTa- | kurnta- | ||
| to know, see | *THiLka- | *thiLka- | ||
| to leave it | *wVNTV- | *waNTa- | wanthV- | |
| to lie down | *waNTi- | wanti- | ||
| to put, to get used to | ila- | |||
| to see | *nhaku- | |||
| to sit | *Tika- | thika- | ||
| to sleep, asleep | *miya | |||
| to speak | *wangka- | |||
| to spear | wiTi- | |||
| to stand | *yuwa- | |||
| to throw | *paTV- | patha- | ||
| to tie, support, build | ?*karrpV- | karrpV- | ||
| tomorrow | ?*TarrkV- | |||
| tongue | *THa(a)LiN | tha(a)rli | tha(d)lVnya | |
| tooth | yira | Tiya | ||
| tree | *wadLa; *wira | wardla | ||
| two | *puLa | puDla; kalypilV | purla | |
| up, above | ?*kaNka | kanka | ||
| up, above, high | *karra | |||
| urine, piss | *kumpu | |||
| warm (weather) | *warlta | |||
| water | *kawi; *kapi | |||
| west | *wangka | |||
| what (how many) | *-miNV | [-]minha | ||
| what? | *Na-, ?*Nawi | |||
| when? | *nhaDLa-TV | |||
| where? | ?*wa-THa | *wa-(nha) | ||
| white | *paLkV | *paLka | paLka-ra | |
| who? (Ergative, Instrumental) | *ngaNTu | |||
| who? (Nominative) | *ngaNa | *ngaNa | ||
| who? (Possessive) | *ngaNku | |||
| wind | *wari | |||
| woman | *pa(a)rla | ngangki | ||
| woman, girl | *mankarra | |||
| woman, mother, female | *ngamV-THV | |||
| woman, wife | *kartu | |||
| yam, edible root, plant food type | *ngampa | |||
| yesterday | *puki | |||
| young one | papa |
References
 |
Wiktionary has a list of reconstructed forms at Appendix:Proto-Thura-Yura reconstructions |
- Macquarie Dictionary Aboriginal Words, 1994; p. 66
- Bowern & Koch (2004) Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method
- Simpson, Jane and Luise Hercus. 2004. Thura-Yura as a Subgroup. In Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (eds.), Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, 179-206, 580-645. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Simpson, Jane; Hercus, Luise (2004). "Thura-Yura as a subgroup". In Claire Bowern; Harold Koch (eds.). Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии