lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Yura or Thura-Yura languages are a group of Australian Aboriginal languages surrounding Spencer Gulf and Gulf St Vincent in South Australia, that comprise a genetic language family of the Pama–Nyungan family.
Yura |
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Geographic distribution | South Australia |
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Linguistic classification | Pama–Nyungan |
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Subdivisions |
- Yura proper
- Kadli
- Wirangu
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Glottolog | thur1253 |
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 Thura-Yura languages (green) among other Pama–Nyungan (tan). The two groups are Nangga (west) and Yura–Kadli (east) |
Name
The name Yura comes from the word for "person" in the northern languages; this is a lenited form of the thura found in other languages, hence Thura-Yura. Similar words for "person" are found in languages outside the group, however (for example 'yura' - 'person' in the Sydney language).[1]
Languages
The following classification is proposed by Bowern & Koch (2004):[2]
A Nukunu speaker reported that the Nukunu could understand Barngarla and Kuyani, but not more distant varieties.[2]
Peramangk may have been a southern Thura-Yura language, close to Kaurna.
Dixon (2002) lists a Nantuwara language, but there is no data for it.
Proto-language
Proto-Thura-Yura |
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Reconstruction of | Thura-Yura languages |
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Reconstructed ancestor | Proto-Pama–Nyungan
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Reconstructed Thura-Yura vocabulary by Simpson and Hercus (2004):[3]
- Spelling conventions
- alveolar tap: r
- alveolar trill: rr
- retroflex glide: ṟ
- retroflex tap: rd
- indeterminate rhotic: R
gloss | Proto-Thura-Yura | Proto-Core Thura-Yura | Northern Thura-Yura | Southern Thura-Yura |
all | | | wapu; kurru | |
all, many, big | *marna | | | |
ashes | | *muru | thimpa | |
ashes (charcoal) | | | piirla | |
bad | | *wadLV | | |
bad (without) | | *wakV-Na | | |
bark | | ?*yulti | | |
beard | | | ngaNka | yaNka |
beard, cheek, hair | *maLTa | | | |
belly | | | warna | munthu |
belly (abdomen) | | ?*TiDLi | | |
big | | | ngarla | |
bird | | | THirta | |
black | | | maṟu | |
blood | | ?*kaaṟu; *karti | | |
body: muscle, sinew | *THiltya | *thiltya | | |
bone | *waLpu | *waLpu | warlpu | |
breast | | *ngamV | | |
camp (house) | | *warDli | | |
camp (house, ?from “join”) | *karrpa | *karrpa | | |
camp (hut) | | | karnku | |
chest | | *kuntu | | |
child, baby | | | | wa(L)kuwa(L)ku |
child, small | *kitya | | yakaCV; waNi | |
child, voice of infant | | *kunga | | |
cloud | | *ma(L)ku | | |
cloud (low, fog) | | *putyi | | |
cold (cough) | | *kuLTV- | | |
cold, frost | | *pakaDla | | |
cold (in head) | | | (y)urrkV- | |
cold (weather) | *paya-; *mVnyV | *manya | payala (Probably derived from “to bite”) | |
come here! | *paNi; *ka | *kawayi | | |
dog | *wiLka | | wiLka (domestic dog) | kadli (domestic dog) |
down, below | | ?*warta- | wartathi | |
dry | | *muDLa | murdla | |
dry, dust | | *puthV-RV | | |
ear | *yuṟi | | | |
earth | | *yarta | | |
egg | | | pipi | muka |
elbow | | *thiDNngi | K/NGuNaN- | |
eye | *mii-na | | | |
eyebrow | | *piiku | | |
far (stranger) | | | yampa | |
fat | *mVrnV | *marni | | |
feather | | ?*paDLu | | |
fingernail | *pirri | | | |
fire | *karDla | | | |
fish | *kuya | | | |
fly | | *thapu | | |
fly (big fly) | *thumpV-Ca | *thupV(-Ra) | | |
food | *mayi | | | |
foot | *THiDna | *thidna | | |
good | | *wayV- | | |
hair, feather | | *puthi | | |
hand | *maṟa | | | |
head | *kaka | | | |
heart | | | thurlku | |
hungry | | | karnpa | |
knee | ?*puṟV | *mampa | puṟa | |
knee (kneecap) | | *maTa | | |
leaf | | | karlpi | |
liver | | *Tangka | thangka; ngaLTi | |
louse | *kuDLu | *kuDlu | | |
man (boy after circumcision) | | | pardnaapa | |
man (companion) | | *Nipu | | |
man (grown-up) | | *miṟu (grownup man) | | |
man (husband) | | | marni | |
man (initiand) | ?*wilya-ṟu | ?*ngulta | | |
man (male, husband) | | *yarDli | | |
man (person) | | ?*Tuṟa | *thuṟa | |
meat | *paRu | | | |
meat, flesh, heart | *puLTHA | *puLTHa | *pultha | |
moon | *piṟa | | | |
mouth | *Taa | | | |
mouth, lip | | | Nimi | |
name | | *mityi | | |
nape, neck | | | ngurnti, nhurnti; wakarra | |
neck | | *waLTu | | |
night | | *nguLTi | maLTi | |
night, yesterday | *wiltya | | | |
north wind, hot weather | *pukarra | | | |
north-east wind | | | ngarnara | karnaRa |
nose | *muDlha | *mudlha | | |
not, do not | | *madLa | mardla; kuta | |
now | *kaRi | | | |
now, again | | ?*nhaTa | | |
now, morning | ?*panyi | | | |
now, soon | | | yatha | |
old man | *puLka | | | |
one | *kuma | | | |
other, another, the rest | *kutyu | | | |
penis | | *waRi | | |
pigface, plant food type (?Carpobrotus_rossii sp.) | ?*kaCkaLa | *karrkaLa | | |
red | ?*TVLTV- | *TaLTHa- | thaltha- | |
red ochre | | *miLTi; *karrku | | |
rib | | *TiNinyV | | |
rib, side, flank | *pantyi | | | |
road | ?*Tapa | *Tapa | thapa | |
root | | | | |
rotten, bad-smelling | ?*puka | *thungkV | | |
shit, faeces | *kuDna | *kudna | | |
shoulder | | | piLpi- | |
shoulder, wing | | *wiṟi | | |
sick, ill | ?*ngaNDa-N | | | |
sick, wound | *mingka | | | |
skin | | ?*paLpa | piyi | paLpa |
skin, clothes | *palhtha | | | |
sky | | *NayirrV | iLkaRV | |
sky, cloud and dust | | ?*wirra | | |
smoke | *puyu | | | |
smoke (stuff for producing smoke) | | ?*Tumpu | | |
snake | ?*TuDNu | | wapma | |
snake, carpet snake | | | muDLV- | |
south and south wind | | *parrpa | | |
southerly wind | | *walypi | | waitpi |
spear (large) | *wiNTa | | wirnta | |
spear (small) | *kVya | *kaya | | |
spit | *THaDlhi | *THadlhi | ngapalya; ngalytya | |
star | | *purDli | | |
stone, adze | | | THurdla | |
stone, cooking stone | | ?*kaDnya | | |
stone, hill, grinding stone, kneecap | | *puRi | | |
stone, limestone | *parnta | | | |
stone, quartz-like stone, ice | | *makV | | |
sun | *THirntu | *thirntu | | |
tail | | | kaDLHa | |
testicles | *kaDLu | *kadLu | kardlu | |
that (near) | *pa- | *pa- | pa-nha | |
that (remote) | | *ngu- | ngunha | |
thigh | *kaNTHi | *kaNTHi | kanthi | |
thigh, flank, groin | ?*paLTi | | | |
this (nearest) | *iNHa | | | |
throat | | *yurDni | | |
to bite | | *paya- | | |
to burn tr. | *kampa- | | | |
to burn intr. | | *ngaDLi- | | |
to climb | ?*warnta- | | | |
to come | | ?*puDNa- | | |
to cry, call | | *kaLTa- | | |
to cry, tears | | | *muLka | |
to cry, to scream | | | *ngaTV- | |
to cut | | ?*waNi- | | |
to die | *paDLu- | | thinta-; padlu- | |
to die, dead | | *kuDnyu | kupa | |
to dig | | *paNi-; ?*paka- | pani- | |
to drink, to kiss, to manipulate with mouth | *THapa- | *Tapa- | thapa- | |
to eat | *ngaLku- | | | |
to enter | | *ngaLpa- | | |
to fall | *warDni- | | | |
to get | | *manku- | | |
to get, pick up, lead, bring | *kaNka- | *kangka- | | |
to get, take away | | *mama- | | |
to give | *yungkV- | | nhungku- | |
to go | ?*wiNV- | | nguka- | |
to go, walk | | ?*padNV- | | |
to hear | | *yuri- See “ear”. | | |
to hit with hand | *paLTa- | | | |
to hit with missile | *nguṟV- | | nguṟa- | |
to hit, cause break in material integrity | | *pungku- | | |
to hit, kill | *kuNTa- | | kurnta- | |
to know, see | *THiLka- | *thiLka- | | |
to leave it | *wVNTV- | *waNTa- | wanthV- | |
to lie down | | *waNTi- | wanti- | |
to put, to get used to | | | ila- | |
to see | *nhaku- | | | |
to sit | | *Tika- | thika- | |
to sleep, asleep | *miya | | | |
to speak | *wangka- | | | |
to spear | | | wiTi- | |
to stand | | *yuwa- | | |
to throw | | *paTV- | patha- | |
to tie, support, build | ?*karrpV- | | karrpV- | |
tomorrow | | ?*TarrkV- | | |
tongue | *THa(a)LiN | | tha(a)rli | tha(d)lVnya |
tooth | | | yira | Tiya |
tree | | *wadLa; *wira | wardla | |
two | | *puLa | puDla; kalypilV | purla |
up, above | ?*kaNka | | kanka | |
up, above, high | | *karra | | |
urine, piss | *kumpu | | | |
warm (weather) | | *warlta | | |
water | *kawi; *kapi | | | |
west | *wangka | | | |
what (how many) | | *-miNV | [-]minha | |
what? | | *Na-, ?*Nawi | | |
when? | | *nhaDLa-TV | | |
where? | ?*wa-THa | *wa-(nha) | | |
white | *paLkV | *paLka | paLka-ra | |
who? (Ergative, Instrumental) | | *ngaNTu | | |
who? (Nominative) | *ngaNa | *ngaNa | | |
who? (Possessive) | | *ngaNku | | |
wind | *wari | | | |
woman | | *pa(a)rla | | ngangki |
woman, girl | | *mankarra | | |
woman, mother, female | | *ngamV-THV | | |
woman, wife | | *kartu | | |
yam, edible root, plant food type | | *ngampa | | |
yesterday | | *puki | | |
young one | | | papa | |
References
- Macquarie Dictionary Aboriginal Words, 1994; p. 66
- Bowern & Koch (2004) Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method
- Simpson, Jane and Luise Hercus. 2004. Thura-Yura as a Subgroup. In Claire Bowern and Harold Koch (eds.), Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method, 179-206, 580-645. Amsterdam: John Benjamins.
- Simpson, Jane; Hercus, Luise (2004). "Thura-Yura as a subgroup". In Claire Bowern; Harold Koch (eds.). Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Company.
Aboriginal peoples of South Australia |
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Peoples |
- Adnyamathanha
- Antakirinja
- Arabana
- Barngarla
- Bodaruwitj
- Bungandidj
- Dhirari
- Dieri
- Jarildekald, (including the Mulbarapa)
- Karangura
- Kaurna
- Kokatha
- Kuyani
- Malyangapa
- Maralinga Tjarutja
- Meintangk
- Mirning
- Narungga
- Nauo
- Ngaanyatjarra
- Ngadjuri
- Ngayawang
- Ngalia
- Ngameni
- Ngangaruku
- Ngaralda
- Ngarkat
- Ngarrindjeri
- Ngawadj
- Ngintait
- Ngurunta
- Nukunu
- Peramangk
- Pilatapa
- Pitjantjatjara
- Portaulun
- Ramindjeri
- Tanganekald
- Thangkaali
- Wailpi
- Warki
- Western Desert people
- Wirangu
- Wongkanguru
- Yandruwandha
- Yankuntjatjarra
- Yardliyawara
- Yarluyandi
- Yawarrawarrka
- Yirawirung
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Communities | |
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Notable people | |
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Organisations | |
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Religion and culture |
- Arkaroo
- 'Dreamtime' (muda, mura-mura, tjukurrpa, etc.)
- Tjilbruke
- Muldjewangk
- Ngiṉṯaka
- Wati-kutjara
| Indigenous protected areas: | |
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Co-managed protected areas: | |
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Languages | | Language groups: | |
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Words: |
- Aṉangu (Western Desert language)
- Nunga (Aboriginal English)
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Laws |
- Aboriginal Heritage Act 1988
- Aṉangu Pitjantjatjara Yankunytjatjara Land Rights Act 1981
- Laws concerning Indigenous Australians
| Cases: |
- List of native title claims in South Australia
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History |
- Aborigines' Friends' Association
- Australian frontier wars
- Hindmarsh Island Bridge controversy (Royal Commission)
- History of South Australia
- Maria massacre
- Waterloo Bay massacre
- Avenue Range Station massacre
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- By state or territory
- New South Wales
- Northern Territory
- Queensland
- South Australia
- Tasmania
- Victoria
- Western Australia
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North | |
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Northeast | |
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Wik | |
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Lamalamic | |
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Yalanjic | |
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Southwest | |
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Norman | |
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Thaypan | |
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Southern | |
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Other | |
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