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The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.

Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
EthnicityKipchaks
Geographic
distribution
Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Ukraine, China
Linguistic classificationTurkic
Subdivisions
  • Kipchak–Bulgar
  • Kipchak–Cuman
  • Kipchak–Nogai
  • Kyrgyz–Kipchak
Glottologkipc1239

Linguistic features


The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.


Shared features



Unique features



Family-specific


Language-specific

Old Turkic Tatar
(for example)
Mid → high
*e /e/ i /i/
*o /o/ u /u/
/ø/ ü /y/
High → Mid
*i /i/ e /e/
/ɯ/ ı /ɤ/
*u /u/ o /o/
/y/ ö /ø/

Classification


The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)
Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)
Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)
Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz) Southern Altai Turkic[3]
Kyrgyz[nb 2]

See also



Notes


  1. Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[2]
  2. Although Kyrgyz isn't a language family, it is added to this table as such in order to ensure the formatting works correctly.

References


  1. Encyclopedia of Bashkortostan.
  2. Yazyki mira Языки мира [Languages of the World]. Vol. 2. Indirk: Институт языкознания (Российская академия наук). 1997. pp. 19–20.
  3. Some dialects are close to Kirghiz (Johanson 1998)
  4. Nevskaya, I.A. "The Teleut Language". Endangered Languages of Indigenous Peoples of Siberia. UNESCO. Retrieved 2021-07-16.

Bibliography



На других языках


- [en] Kipchak languages

[es] Lenguas túrquicas noroccidentales

Las lenguas kipchak o túrquicas noroccidentales (también llamadas qypchaq y kypchak) constituyen una de las principales ramas de la familia túrquica que cuenta con unos 22 millones de hablantes un área que se extiende desde Lituania a China.

[ru] Кыпчакские языки

Кыпча́кские языки́ — одна из самых крупных по числу языков (более 10) групп тюркских языков, восходящих к единому кыпчакскому языку. Другие названия: северо-западная, тау-группа и др.



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