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The Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.

Kipchak
Northwestern Turkic
Ethnicity	Kipchaks
Geographic distribution	Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Ukraine, China
Linguistic classification	Turkic Common Turkic Kipchak
Subdivisions	Kipchak–Bulgar Kipchak–Cuman Kipchak–Nogai Kyrgyz–Kipchak
Glottolog	kipc1239

Linguistic features

The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.

Shared features

• Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
• Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example

Unique features

Family-specific

• Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") ^{[citation needed]}
• Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
• Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")

Language-specific

• In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:

Old Turkic		Tatar (for example)
Mid → high
*e	/e/	i	/i/
*o	/o/	u	/u/
*ö	/ø/	ü	/y/
High → Mid
*i	/i/	e	/e/
*ı	/ɯ/	ı	/ɤ/
*u	/u/	o	/o/
*ü	/y/	ö	/ø/

Classification

The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):

Proto-Turkic	Common Turkic	Kipchak	Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian)		Bashkir Tatar † Old Tatar (Ural-Volga Turki)[1]
			Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian)		Crimean Tatar[nb 1] Karachay-Balkar (Mountain Turkic) Kumyk Karaim Krymchak Urum † Armeno-Kipchak † Cuman † Kipchak
			Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian)		Kazakh Karakalpak Nogai Siberian Tatar Baraba † Fergana Kipchak
			Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz)	Southern Altai Turkic[3]	Southern Altai Teleut[4]
				Kyrgyz[nb 2]	Kyrgyz

See also

• Kipchak language
• Kipchaks
• Kipchaks in Georgia
• Cuman people
• Cuman language
• Cumania
• Kalpak

Notes

References

Bibliography

• Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
• Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.

На других языках

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- [en] Kipchak languages

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[es] Lenguas túrquicas noroccidentales

Las lenguas kipchak o túrquicas noroccidentales (también llamadas qypchaq y kypchak) constituyen una de las principales ramas de la familia túrquica que cuenta con unos 22 millones de hablantes un área que se extiende desde Lituania a China.

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[ru] Кыпчакские языки

Кыпча́кские языки́ — одна из самых крупных по числу языков (более 10) групп тюркских языков, восходящих к единому кыпчакскому языку. Другие названия: северо-западная, тау-группа и др.

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