lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Kipchak languages (also known as the Kypchak, Qypchaq, Qypshaq or the Northwestern Turkic languages) are a sub-branch of the Turkic language family spoken by approximately 28 million people in much of Central Asia and Eastern Europe, spanning from Ukraine to China. Some of the most widely spoken languages in this group are Kazakh, Kyrgyz and Tatar.
Branch of the Turkic language family
Kipchak |
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Ethnicity | Kipchaks |
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Geographic distribution | Central Asia, Russia, Northern Caucasus, Ukraine, China |
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Linguistic classification | Turkic |
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Subdivisions |
- Kipchak–Bulgar
- Kipchak–Cuman
- Kipchak–Nogai
- Kyrgyz–Kipchak
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Glottolog | kipc1239 |
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Linguistic features
The Kipchak languages share a number of features that have led linguists to classify them together. Some of these features are shared with other Common Turkic languages; others are unique to the Kipchak family.
Shared features
- Change of Proto-Turkic *d to /j/ (e.g. *hadaq > ajaq "foot")
- Loss of initial *h (preserved only in Khalaj), see above example
Unique features
Family-specific
- Extensive labial vowel harmony (e.g. olor vs. olar "them") [citation needed]
- Frequent fortition (in the form of assibilation) of initial */j/ (e.g. *jetti > ʒetti "seven")
- Diphthongs from syllable-final */ɡ/ and */b/ (e.g. *taɡ > taw "mountain", *sub > suw "water")
Language-specific
- In both Tatar and Bashkir, the original mid and high vowels are swapped in position by vowel raising and lowering:
Old Turkic |
Tatar (for example) |
Mid → high |
*e |
/e/ |
i |
/i/ |
*o |
/o/ |
u |
/u/ |
*ö |
/ø/ |
ü |
/y/ |
High → Mid |
*i |
/i/ |
e |
/e/ |
*ı |
/ɯ/ |
ı |
/ɤ/ |
*u |
/u/ |
o |
/o/ |
*ü |
/y/ |
ö |
/ø/ |
Classification
The Kipchak languages may be broken down into four groups based on geography and shared features (languages in bold are still spoken today):
Proto-Turkic |
Common Turkic |
Kipchak |
Kipchak–Bulgar (Uralian, Uralo-Caspian) |
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Kipchak–Cuman (Ponto-Caspian) |
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Kipchak–Nogai (Aralo-Caspian) |
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Kyrgyz–Kipchak (Kyrgyz) |
Southern Altai Turkic[3] |
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Kyrgyz[nb 2] |
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See also
Notes
- Except for the Southern "dialect", which is classified among the Western Oghuz languages despite its dialect status.[2]
- Although Kyrgyz isn't a language family, it is added to this table as such in order to ensure the formatting works correctly.
References
Bibliography
- Johanson, Lars; Csató, Éva Ágnes (1998). The Turkic Languages. London: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-08200-5.
- Menges, Karl H. (1995). The Turkic Languages and Peoples (2nd ed.). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 3-447-03533-1.
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Proto-language | |
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Common Turkic | |
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Oghur | |
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- 1 Mixed language.
- 2 Classification disputed.
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На других языках
- [en] Kipchak languages
[es] Lenguas túrquicas noroccidentales
Las lenguas kipchak o túrquicas noroccidentales (también llamadas qypchaq y kypchak) constituyen una de las principales ramas de la familia túrquica que cuenta con unos 22 millones de hablantes un área que se extiende desde Lituania a China.
[ru] Кыпчакские языки
Кыпча́кские языки́ — одна из самых крупных по числу языков (более 10) групп тюркских языков, восходящих к единому кыпчакскому языку. Другие названия: северо-западная, тау-группа и др.
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