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The Loloish languages, also known as Yi in China and occasionally Ngwi[1] or Nisoic,[2] are a family of fifty to a hundred Sino-Tibetan languages spoken primarily in the Yunnan province of China. They are most closely related to Burmese and its relatives. Both the Loloish and Burmish branches are well defined, as is their superior node, Lolo-Burmese. However, subclassification is more contentious.

Loloish
Yi, Ngwi, Nisoic
EthnicityYi people
Geographic
distribution		Southern China and Southeast Asia
Linguistic classificationSino-Tibetan
  • Lolo-Burmese
    • Loloish
Proto-languageProto-Loloish
Subdivisions
  • Hanoish (Southern)
  • Lahoish
  • ?Naxish
  • Nusoish
  • Kazhuoish
  • Lisoish (Central)
  • Nisoish (Northern and Southeastern)
  • ?’Ugong
Glottologlolo1267

SIL Ethnologue (2013 edition) estimated a total number of 9 million native speakers of Ngwi languages, the largest group being the speakers of Nuosu (Northern Yi) at 2 million speakers (2000 PRC census).[lower-alpha 1]


Names


Loloish is the traditional name for the family. Some publications avoid the term under the misapprehension that Lolo is pejorative, but it is the Chinese rendition of the autonym of the Yi people and is pejorative only when it is written with a particular Chinese character (one that uses a beast, rather than a human, radical), a practice that was prohibited by the Chinese government in the 1950s.[3]

David Bradley uses the name Ngwi, which is also used by Ethnologue, and Lama (2012) uses Nisoic. Paul K. Benedict coined the term Yipho, from Yi and a common autonym element (-po or -pho), but it never gained wide usage.


Internal classification



Bradley (2007)


Loloish was traditionally divided into a northern branch, with Lisu and the numerous Yi languages and a southern branch, with everything else. However, per Bradley[1] and Thurgood[4] there is also a central branch, with languages from both northern and southern. Bradley[5][6] adds a fourth, southeastern branch.

Ugong is divergent; Bradley (1997) places it with the Burmish languages. The Tujia language is difficult to classify due to divergent vocabulary. Other unclassified Loloish languages are Gokhy (Gɔkhý), Lopi and Ache.


Lama (2012)


Lama (2012) classified 36 Lolo–Burmese languages based on a computational analysis of shared phonological and lexical innovations. He finds the Mondzish languages to be a separate branch of Lolo-Burmese, which Lama considers to have split off before Burmish did. The rest of the Loloish languages are as follows:

Loloish 
 

Hanoish: Jino, Akha–Hani languages, Bisoid languages, etc. (See)

 
 
 

Lahoish: Lahu, Kucong

 
 
 

Naxish: Naxi, Namuyi

 
 
 

Nusoish: Nusu, Zauzou (Rouruo)

 
 Ni ‑ Li ‑ Ka 
 

Kazhuoish: Katso (Kazhuo), Samu (Samatao), Sanie, Sadu,[7] Meuma[8]

 
 
 

Lisoish: Lisu, Lolopo, etc. (See)

 
 

Nisoish: Nisoid languages, Axi-Puoid languages

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

The Nisoish, Lisoish, and Kazhuoish clusters are closely related, forming a clade ("Ni-Li-Ka") at about the same level as the other five branches of Loloish. Lama's Naxish clade has been classified as Qiangic rather than Loloish by Guillaume Jacques and Alexis Michaud[9] (see Qiangic languages).

A Lawoish (Lawu) branch has also been recently proposed.[10]

Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages does support the inclusion of Naxish (Naic) within Lolo-Burmese, but recognizes Lahoish and Nusoish as coherent language groups that form independent branches of Loloish.[11]


Lesser-known languages


Main article: List of lesser-known Loloish languages
See also: Yi people § Subgroups


Notes


  1. [hle] 15,000; [jiy] 1,000; [jiu] 10,000; [lkc] 46,870; [lhu] 530,350; [lhi] 196,200; [ywt] 213,000; [yik] 30,000; [yit] 38,000; [ywl] 38,000; [llh] 120; [yne] 2,000; [lwu] 50; [ylm] 29,000; [lpo] 250,000; [lis] 942,700; [ycl] 380,000; [ysp] 190,000; [ymh] 23,000; [yiq] 30,000; [nuf] 12,670; [ysn] 100,000; [yta] 13,600; [ytl] 950; [zal] 2,100; [yna] 25,000; [yiu] 20,000; [yyz] 50; [ych] 3,300; [ygp] 100,000; [kaf] 4,000; [ylo] 15,000; [ywu] 150,000; [yig] 500,000; [iii] 2,000,000; [ysd] 400; [smh] 20,000; [ysy] 8,000; [ywq] 250,000; [yif] 35,000; [aub] 3,500; [yix] 100,000; [aza] 53,000; [yiz] 54,000; [ybk] 10,000; [ykt] 5,000; [ykl] 21,000; [ykn] 5,000; [yku] 1,000; [lgh] 300; [nty] 1,100; [ymi] 2,000; [ymx] 9,000; [ymq] 1,500; [ymc] 26,000; [ymz] 10,000; [yso] 36,000; [nos] 75,000; [yiv] 160,000; [nsf] 24,000; [nsd] 210,000; [nsv] 15,000; [ypa] 12,000; [ypg] 13,000; [ypo] 500; [yip] 30,000; [ypn] 10,000; [yhl] 36,000; [ypb] 17,000; [phh] 10,000; [ypm] 8,000; [ypp] 3,000; [yph] 1,300; [ypz] 6,000; [ysg] 2,000; [ytp] 200; [yzk] 13,000; [qeu] 12,400; [ahk] 563,960; [bzi] 240; [byo] 120,000; [ycp] 2,000; [cnc] 2,030; [enu] 30,000; [hni] 758,620; [how] 140,000; [ktp] 185,000; [lwm] 1,600; [lov] ? (not included); [mpz] 900; [ymd] 2,000; [phq] 350; [pho] 35,600; [pyy] 700; [sgk] 1,500; [slt] 2,480; [lbg] 9,550; [ugo] 80; Total: 9,078,770

References


  1. Bradley 1997.
  2. Lama 2012.
  3. Benedict, Paul K. (1987). "Autonyms: ought or ought not" (PDF). Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 10: 188. Italics in original.
  4. Thurgood 2003, p. 8.
  5. Bradley 2002.
  6. Bradley 2007.
  7. Fang Lifen [方利芬]. 2013. A genetic study on the Sadu language of Bai people in Yuxi [玉溪白族撒都话系属研究]. M.A. dissertation. Beijing: Minzu University.
  8. Hsiu, Andrew (2013). "New Endangered Tibeto-Burman Languages of Southwestern China: Mondzish, Longjia, Pherbu, and Others". doi:10.5281/zenodo.1127796. S2CID 135404293. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  9. Jacques, Guillaume & Michaud, Alexis (2011). "Approaching the historical phonology of three highly eroded Sino-Tibetan languages" (PDF). Diachronica. 28 (4): 468–498. doi:10.1075/dia.28.4.02jac. S2CID 54013956.
  10. Hsiu, Andrew (2017), The Lawu languages: footprints along the Red River valley corridor
  11. Satterthwaite-Phillips 2011.

На других языках

- [en] Loloish languages

[ru] Лолойские языки

Лоло́йские языки (нгви, лоло, ийские, ньи; в Китае известны как языки и) — группа лоло-бирманской ветви языков, распространённая на самом востоке тибето-бирманского ареала. Носители лолойских языков объединяются в Китае в этническую общность и. Они близки бирманским языкам, вместе с которой образуют лоло-бирманскую ветвь. Все лолойские языки подвергались влиянию мон-кхмерских языков[1].


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