lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe Jino language (Jinuo 基諾語;[4] autonyms: tɕy˦no˦, ki˦ɲo˦) constitutes a pair of Loloish language varieties spoken by the Jino people of Yunnan, China.
Loloish languages spoken in China
Jino |
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Pronunciation | [tɕy˦no˦] or [ki˦ɲo˦][2] |
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Region | Sipsongpanna, Dai autonomous prefecture of southern Yunnan (People's Republic of China) |
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Ethnicity | Jino |
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Native speakers | 21,000 (2007)[3] |
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Language family | |
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Dialects |
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ISO 639-3 | Either:
jiu – Youle Jinuo
jiy – Buyuan Jinuo |
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Glottolog | youl1235 |
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ELP | |
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Varieties
In total, there are about 28,320 Jinuo people living in China.[5] A total of 70–80% of Jinuo people can speak either of the Jino varieties fluently.[6] The Jino language constitutes the two subdialects of Youle Jino and Buyuan Jinuo,[7] and they are not mutually intelligible.
Buyuan Jino is spoken by 21,000 people;[8] most of the speakers are monolingual, which means they only speak Buyuan Jino.[4] There is no official written form. Most Jino people also speak one of the Tai languages or Chinese. The ISO 639-3 code for the Jino varieties are "jiu" for Youle Jino and "jiy" for Buyuan Jino.[8] The Glottocodes for the Jino varieties are "youl1235" for Youle Jino[9] and "buyu1238" for Buyuan Jino.[10]
Classification
The exact classification of Jino within the Loloish branch of Sino-Tibetan language family remains uncertain. Jino is classified as a Southern Loloish (Hanoish) language by Ziwo Lama (2012),[2] but as a Central Loloish language by Bradley (2007).[11] Jino is also classified as a Southern Loloish language in Satterthwaite-Phillips' (2011) computational phylogenetic analysis of the Lolo-Burmese languages.[12]
History
The use of Jino is rapidly declining: in the 1980s, 70–80% of the Jino people used Jino; in 2000, less than 50% of the population could speak Jino.[13]
The Jino people were recognized by the state council on 6 June 1979 as the last recognized minority nationality in China.[13]
Historically, the Jino people were organized as a matriarchal culture, and “Jino” means “descending from the uncle,” and it refers to the importance of mother’s brother in matriarchal societies.[14]
From a language aspect, Jino is similar to other languages under the branch of the Tibeto-Burman languages, because the Jino people moved from the northwest of Yunnan province to the territories they are at now, but the timing and routes of this migration remain uncertain,[1]
Geographic distribution
Jino is spoken in Jinuo Township (Jinuo Mountain), located in Jinghong City of the Sipsongpanna Dai autonomous prefecture of Yunnan province, China.[13]
Tonemes
There are five tonemes in Buyuan Jino. Gai believes that the function of tonemes are distinguishing lexical meanings and grammatical meanings.[15]
- /˥/ (high level tone, 55): it tends to phonetically shorten vowels
- /˦/ (mid level tone, 44): lower than 55, though still high
- /˧˩/ (low falling tone, 31)
- /˧˥/ (rising tone, 35)
- /˥˧/ (high falling tone, 53)
/˥˧/ (53) tone is considered difficult to distinguish when listening to a native speaker.[7]
Writing system
Jino does not have an official writing system, but it developed several systems of signs to cover communication in different situations.[1] The Jino used engraved wooden or bamboo boards to record debts between villages.
Notes
- Arcones, Pedro Ceinos (2013). China's Last But One Matriarchy: The Jino of Yunnan. Kunming: Papers of the White Dragon.
- Lama (2012)
- Youle Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Buyuan Jinuo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - "Buyuan Jinuo". Endangered Languages. Retrieved 2017-03-08.
- "People Group Profiles". Asia Harvest. Retrieved 2017-05-01.
- Moseley, Christopher (2012). "Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger". UNESCO.
- Hayashi, Norihiko (2013). "A Sketch of Buyuan Jino Tones and Their Development". Annals of Foreign Studies. 83: 19–34.
- "Jinuo, Buyuan". Ethnologue. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- "Jino". Glottolog. Retrieved 2017-03-09.
- Hammarström, Harald; Forkel, Robert; Haspelmath, Martin; Bank, Sebastian, eds. (2016). "Jino". Glottolog 2.7. Jena: Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History.
- Bradley, David (2007). "East and Southeast Asia". In Moseley, Christopher (ed.). Encyclopedia of the World's Endangered Languages. London: Routledge. pp. 349–424.
- Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian (2011). Phylogenetic Inference of the Tibeto-Burman Languages or on the Usefulness of Lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-Comparison) for the Subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman (Ph.D. thesis). Stanford University.
- Yuming, Li; Wei, Li (2013). The Language Situation in China. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. ISBN 978-1-61451-253-0.
- Minahan, James B. (2014). Ethnic Groups of North, East, and Central Asia: An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara, California: ABC-CLIO. ISBN 978-1-61069-018-8.
- Gai, Xingzhi 盖兴之 (1986). Jīnuòyǔ jiǎnzhì 基诺语简志 [A Brief Description of the Jinuo Language] (in Chinese). Beijing: Minzu chubanshe.
References
- Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages: A Study From the Perspectives of Shared Innovation and Phylogenetic Estimation (Ph.D. thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
Languages of China |
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Official | |
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Regional | ARs / SARs | |
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Prefecture | |
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Counties/Banners | numerous |
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Indigenous | Sino-Tibetan languages |
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Lolo- Burmese | Mondzish | |
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Burmish | |
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Loloish | Hanoish | |
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Lisoish | |
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Nisoish | |
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Other | |
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Qiangic | |
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Tibetic | |
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Other | |
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| Other languages |
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Austroasiatic | |
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Hmong-Mien | |
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Mongolic | |
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Kra-Dai | |
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Tungusic | |
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Turkic | |
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Other |
- Sarikoli (Indo-European)
- Tsat (Austronesian)
- Formosan languages (Austronesian)
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Minority | |
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Varieties of Chinese | |
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Creole/Mixed | |
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Extinct | |
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Sign | |
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- GX = Guangxi
- HK = Hong Kong
- MC = Macau
- NM = Inner Mongolia
- XJ = Xinjiang
- XZ = Tibet
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Sino-Tibetan branches |
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Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
- West Himalayish
- Tamangic
- Newaric
- Kiranti
- Dhimalish
- Lepcha
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Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |
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Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border | "Naga" |
- Ao
- Angami–Pochuri
- Meitei
- Tangkhulic
- Zeme
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Sal |
- Boro–Garo
- Konyak
- Jingpho–Luish
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East and Southeast Asia | Burmo-Qiangic |
- Qiangic
- Ersuic
- Naic
- Lolo-Burmese
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Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
- Hrusish
- Kho-Bwa
- Miju–Meyor
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Proposed groupings |
- Central Tibeto-Burman
- Kuki-Chin–Naga
- Greater Bai
- Mahakiranti
- Rung
- Tibeto-Burman
- Tibeto-Kanauri
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Proto-languages |
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman
- Proto-Loloish
- Proto-Karenic
- Proto-Min
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. |
Lolo-Burmese languages |
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Mondzish | Thou-Kathu | |
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Nuclear Mondzish | |
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Loloish (Yi) (Ngwi) | Southern Loloish (Southern Ngwi) (Hanoish) | Hanoid | |
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Bisoid | |
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Siloid | |
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Bi-Ka | |
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Mpi | |
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Jino | |
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Central Loloish (Central Ngwi) | Lawoish | |
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Lahoish | |
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Nusoish | |
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Lisoish | |
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Kazhuoish | |
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Nisoish | Northern Loloish (Northern Ngwi) (Nisoid) | |
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Southeastern Loloish (Southeastern Ngwi) (Axi-Puoid) | Nisu | |
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Sani–Azha | |
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Highland Phula | |
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Riverine Phula | |
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others | |
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Burmish | Northern | High Northern | |
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Hpon | |
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Mid Northern | |
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Southern | Intha-Danu | |
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Nuclear Southern | |
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Gong ? | |
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Pai-lang | |
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