The Nubi language (also called Ki-Nubi, Arabic: كي-نوبي, romanized: kī-nūbī) is a Sudanese Arabic-based creole language spoken in Uganda around Bombo, and in Kenya around Kibera, by the Ugandan Nubians, many of whom are descendants of Emin Pasha's Sudanese soldiers who were settled there by the British colonial administration. It was spoken by about 15,000 people in Uganda in 1991 (according to the census), and an estimated 10,000 in Kenya; another source estimates about 50,000 speakers as of 2001. 90% of the lexicon derives from Arabic,[2] but the grammar has been simplified,[3] as has the sound system. Nairobi has the greatest concentration of Nubi speakers.[4] Nubi has the prefixing, suffixing and compounding processes also present in Arabic.[5]
Nubi Arabic | |
---|---|
Kinubi | |
كي-نوبي | |
Native to | Uganda, Kenya |
Native speakers | 44,300 (2009-2014)[1] |
Language family | Arabic-based creole
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Early form | |
Writing system | Arabic |
Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | kcn |
Glottolog | nubi1253 |
ELP | Nubi |
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. |
Many Nubi speakers are Kakwa who came from the Nubian region, first into Equatoria, and from there southwards into Uganda and the Democratic Republic of the Congo. They rose to prominence under Ugandan President Idi Amin, who was Kakwa.[6][7]
Jonathan Owens argues that Nubi constitutes a major counterexample to Derek Bickerton's theories of creole language formation, showing "no more than a chance resemblance to Bickerton's universal creole features" despite fulfilling perfectly the historical conditions expected to lead to such features.[citation needed]
There are five vowels in Nubi. Vowels are not distinguished by length except in at least two exceptions from Kenyan Nubi (which are not present in Ugandan dialects) where bara means "outside" and is an adverb while baara means "the outside" and is a noun, and also where saara meaning "bewitch" is compared to sara meaning "herd, cattle". Despite this, there is a tendency for vowels in stressed syllables to be registered as long vowels.[2]
Front | Back | |
---|---|---|
High | i | u |
Mid | e | o |
Low | a |
Each of the vowels has multiple allophones and the exact sound of the vowel depends on the surrounding consonants.[2]
Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Post alveolar |
Velar | Uvular | Pharyngeal | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasals | m | n | ɲ | (ŋ) | |||||
Plosives /
Affricates |
Voiceless | p | t | tʃ | k | (q) | (ʔ) | ||
Voiced | b | d | dʒ | ɡ | |||||
Fricatives | Voiceless | f | (θ) | s | ʃ | (x) | (ħ) | h | |
Voiced | v | (ð) | z | ||||||
Trill/Flap | r | (ɽ) | |||||||
Lateral | l | ||||||||
Approximant | w | j | (w) |
Speakers may use Standard Arabic phonemes for words for which the Arabic pronunciation has been learned. The a retroflex version of the /r/ sound may also occur and some dialects use /l/ in its place. Geminates are very unusual in Nubi. These less common phonemes are shown in brackets.[4] [2]
Ineke Wellens gives the following orthography for Nubi where it differs from the IPA symbols: /ʃ/ = sh; /tʃ/ = ch; /dʒ/ = j; /ɲ/ = ny; /w/ = w or u; /j/ = y or i; /θ/ = th; /ð/ = dh; /x/ = kh; /ħ/ = ḥ.[2]
Syllables typically have a CV, VC, V or CVC structure with VC only occurring in initial syllables. Final and initial CC occur only in a few specific examples such as "skul" which means "school" or "sems" which means "sun".[4]
Stress can change the meaning of words for example "saba" means "seven" or "morning" depending on whether the stress is on the first or second syllables respectively. Vowels are often omitted in unstressed, final syllables and sometime even the stressed final "u" in the passive form may be deleted after "m", "n", "l", "f" or "b". This can caused syllables to be realigned even across words.[4]
Nouns are inflected by number only (taking a singular or plural form) although for most nouns this does not represent a morphological change. Jonathan Owens gives 5 broad inflectional categories of nouns:[4]
The table below shows examples of each type of pluralisation. The apostrophe has been placed before the stressed syllable:[4]
Type of
Pluralisation |
Singular Form | Plural Form | English Translation |
---|---|---|---|
1 | yo'wele | yowe'le | boy(s) |
2 | ke'bir | ku'bar | big [thing(s)] |
3 | 'tajir | taji'rin | rich person(s) |
3 | 'seder | sede'ra | tree(s) |
4 | 'marya | nus'wan | woman / women1 |
5 | muze | waze | old man / old men |
1"Nuswan" may be supplemented by a suffix as if it were type 3, thus, "nuswana" could also mean "women".[4]
Adjectives follow the noun and some adjectives have singular and plural forms which must agree with the noun. Adjectives may also take the prefixes "al", "ali", "ab" or "abu" which mark them as habitual. When a noun is a possessor follow the possessed noun and is mark with the particle "ta" which is placed between the two nouns. The particle can be omitted in what are called inalienable possessed nouns where it is clear that the latter possesses the former.[4]
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