lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageMaghrebi Arabic (Arabic: اللهجات المغاربية, Western Arabic; as opposed to Eastern or Mashriqi Arabic) is a vernacular Arabic dialect continuum spoken in the Maghreb region, in Morocco, Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Western Sahara, and Mauritania. It includes Moroccan, Algerian, Tunisian, Libyan, and Hassaniya Arabic. It is known locally as Darja, Derdja, Derja, Derija or Darija, depending on the region's dialect (Arabic: الدارجة; meaning "common or everyday language"[1]). This serves to differentiate the spoken vernacular from Standard Arabic.[2] The Maltese language is believed to be derived from Siculo-Arabic and ultimately from Tunisian Arabic, as it contains some typical Maghrebi Arabic areal characteristics.[3]
Family of Arabic dialects spoken in the Maghreb
"Darja" redirects here. For the village in Iran, see
Darreh Ja. For the Romanian village of Dârja, see
Panticeu.
Maghrebi Arabic |
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Region | Maghreb |
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Ethnicity | Arab-Berbers |
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Language family | |
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Writing system | Arabic alphabet (Maghrebi script) |
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ISO 639-3 | – |
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Glottolog | nort3191 |
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Varieties
Name
Darija, Derija or Delja (Arabic: الدارجة) means "everyday/colloquial language";[4] it is also rendered as ed-dārija, derija or darja. It refers to any of the varieties of colloquial Maghrebi Arabic. Although it is also common in Algeria and Tunisia to refer to the Maghrebi Arabic varieties directly as languages, similarly it is also common in Egypt and Lebanon to refer to the Mashriqi Arabic varieties directly as languages. For instance, Algerian Arabic would be referred as Dzayri (Algerian) and Tunisian Arabic as Tounsi (Tunisian), and Egyptian Arabic would be referred as Masri (Egyptian) and Lebanese Arabic as Lubnani (Lebanese).
In contrast, the colloquial dialects of more eastern Arab countries, such as Egypt, Jordan and Sudan, are usually known as al-‘āmmīya (العامية), though Egyptians may also refer to their dialects as al-logha-d-darga.
Characteristics
The varieties of Maghrebi Arabic form a dialect continuum. The degree of mutual intelligibility is high between geographically adjacent dialects (such as local dialects spoken in Eastern Morocco and Western Algeria or Eastern Algeria and North Tunisia or South Tunisia and Western Libya), but lower between dialects that are further apart, e.g. between Moroccan and Tunisian Darija. Conversely, Moroccan Darija and particularly Algerian Derja cannot be easily understood by Eastern Arabic speakers (from Egypt, Sudan, Levant, Iraq, and Arabian peninsula) in general.[5]
Maghrebi Arabic continues to evolve by integrating new French or English words, notably in technical fields, or by replacing old French and Italian/Spanish ones with Modern Standard Arabic words within some circles; more educated and upper-class people who code-switch between Maghrebi Arabic and Modern Standard Arabic have more French and Italian/Spanish loanwords, especially the latter came from the time of al-Andalus. Maghrebi dialects all use n- as the first-person singular prefix on verbs, distinguishing them from Levantine dialects and Modern Standard Arabic.
Relationship with Modern Standard Arabic and Berber languages
Modern Standard Arabic (الفصحى al-Fusḥā) is the primary language used in the government, legislation and judiciary of countries in the Maghreb. Maghrebi Arabic is mainly a spoken and vernacular language, although it occasionally appears in entertainment and advertising in urban areas of Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In Algeria, where Maghrebi Arabic was taught as a separate subject under French colonization, some textbooks in the language exist but they are no longer officially endorsed by the Algerian authorities. Maghrebi Arabic contains a Berber substratum, which represents the languages originally spoken by the native populations of the Maghreb prior to their adoption of Arabic.[6] The dialect may also possess a Punic substrate.[7] Additionally, Maghrebi Arabic has a Latin substratum, which may have been derived from the African Romance that was used as an urban lingua franca during the Byzantine Empire period.[8]
Relationship with other languages
Maghrebi Arabic speakers frequently borrow words from French (in Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia), Spanish (in northern Morocco and northwestern Algerian) and Italian (in Libya and Tunisia) and conjugate them according to the rules of their dialects with some exceptions (like passive voice for example). Since it is not always written, there is no standard and it is free to change quickly and to pick up new vocabulary from neighbouring languages. This is somewhat similar to what happened to Middle English after the Norman conquest.
See also
References
- Wehr, Hans (1979). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic: (Arab.-Engl.). Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. p. 319. ISBN 3447020024. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- Harrell, Richard Slade (2004). A Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic: Moroccan-English. Georgetown University Press. p. 18. ISBN 1589011031. Retrieved 30 September 2017.
- Marie Azzopardi-Alexander, Albert Borg (2013). Maltese. Routledge. p. xiii. ISBN 978-1136855283. Retrieved 10 January 2018.
{{cite book}}
: CS1 maint: uses authors parameter (link) - Wehr, Hans (2011). A Dictionary of Modern Written Arabic.; Harrell, Richard S. (1966). Dictionary of Moroccan Arabic.
- Zaidan, Omar F.; Callison-Burch, Chris (2014). "Arabic Dialect Identification". Computational Linguistics. 40 (1): 171–202. doi:10.1162/COLI_a_00169.
- Tilmatine, Mohand (1999). "Substrat et convergences: Le berbère et l'arabe nord-africain". Estudios de dialectología norteafricana y andalusí (in French). 4: 99–119.
- Benramdane, Farid (1998). "Le maghribi, langue trois fois millénaire de Elimam, Abdou (Éd. ANEP, Alger 1997)". Insaniyat (6): 129–130. doi:10.4000/insaniyat.12102. S2CID 161182954. Retrieved 12 February 2015.
- Sayahi, Lotfi (2014). Diglossia and Language Contact: Language Variation and Change in North Africa. Cambridge University Press. p. 26. ISBN 978-0521119368. Retrieved 13 December 2017.
Further reading
- Singer, Hans-Rudolf (1980) “Das Westarabische oder Maghribinische” in Wolfdietrich Fischer and Otto Jastrow (eds.) Handbuch der arabischen Dialekte. Otto Harrassowitz: Wiesbaden. 249–76.
Links to related articles |
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Overviews | |
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Scripts | |
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Letters |
- ʾAlif
- Bāʾ
- Tāʾ
- Ṯāʾ
- Ǧīm
- Ḥāʾ
- Ḫāʾ
- Dāl
- Ḏāl
- Rāʾ
- Zāy
- Sīn
- Šīn
- Ṣād
- Ḍād
- Ṭāʾ
- Ẓāʾ
- ʿAyn
- Ġayn
- Fāʾ
- Qāf
- Kāf
- Lām
- Mīm
- Nūn
- Hāʾ
- Wāw
- Yāʾ
- Hamzah
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Varieties | |
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Academic | |
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Linguistics |
- Phonology
- Sun and moon letters
- Tajwid
- Imāla
- ʾIʿrāb (case)
- Grammar
- Triliteral root
- Mater lectionis
- IPA
- Quranic Arabic Corpus
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- Ajami script
- Diwani
- Jawi script
- Kufic
- Rasm
- Mashq
- Hijazi script
- Maghrebi
- Muhaqqaq
- Thuluth
- Naskh (script)
- Ruqʿah script
- Taʿlīq script
- Nastaʿlīq script
- Shahmukhī script
- Sini (script)
- Tawqi
- Jeli Thuluth
- Kairouani
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Technical |
- Arabic keyboard
- Arabic script in Unicode
- ISO/IEC 8859-6
- Windows-1256
- MS-DOS codepages
- MacArabic encoding
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- Italics indicate extinct languages
- Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
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East | |
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West | |
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- Italics indicate extinct or historical languages.
- Languages between parentheses are varieties of the language on their left.
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Languages of the Maghreb |
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Vernacular | |
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Historical | |
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Official language | |
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Contemporary languages | |
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Historical languages | |
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Authority control: National libraries  | |
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На других языках
- [en] Maghrebi Arabic
[es] Árabe magrebí
Árabe magrebí es un término que cubre las variedades del árabe hablado en el Magreb, incluyendo Marruecos, Túnez, Argelia y Libia. En Argelia, el magrebí se enseña como una materia independiente, y existen algunos libros de texto. Los hablantes del magrebí llaman a su lengua dariya (también escrito darija), que significa "dialecto". Es principalmente usado como lengua hablada; la comunicación escrita se hace principalmente en árabe estándar, aunque existen múltiples iniciativas para regular su uso escrito.
[fr] Arabe maghrébin
L'arabe maghrébin ou arabe occidental (en arabe classique : اللهجات المغاربية, en arabe maghrébin : الدارجة darija ou darja, en berbère : ⵜⴰⴷⴷⴰⵔⵉⵊⴰⵜ taddarijat) est un ensemble de dialectes arabes, plus ou moins homogènes et souvent mutuellement intelligibles, au moins partiellement, qui sont utilisés au Maghreb, à Malte et dans certaines régions du Sahara. Ils se distinguent clairement des autres dialectes du Machrek. Il forme plus précisément la grande famille occidentale de l'arabe dialectal, caractérisée notamment par un substrat berbère.
[it] Lingue arabe maghrebine
L'arabo maghrebino costituisce un gruppo di varianti della lingua araba parlate nel Maghreb, zona che include la Tunisia, l'Algeria, il Marocco e la Libia. I parlanti chiamano la propria lingua dārija (in arabo: الدارجة), che significa "dialetto". Questa viene usata principalmente come lingua parlata; le comunicazioni scritte avvengono principalmente in arabo moderno standard.
[ru] Магрибский арабский язык
Магрибский арабский язык (араб. دارجة مغربية), или дарижа (араб. الدارجة) — термин для разновидностей арабского языка, на котором говорят на территории Магриба, в который входят Алжир, Ливия, Марокко, Тунис. В Алжире магрибский арабский в качестве разговорного изучали как отдельный предмет во время французской колонизации, и существуют несколько учебных пособий. Говорящие на магрибском называют свой язык дарижа или дерижа, что означает «диалект» в современном арабском языке. Он в основном используется в качестве разговорного языка; письменное общение в первую очередь делается на современном стандартном арабском языке (или французском), вместе с новостным вещанием. Магрибский арабский используется почти для всех средств общения, а также в телевизионных драмах и на рекламных щитах в Марокко и Тунисе, в то время как современный стандартный арабский язык (الفصحى (al-)fuṣ-ḥā) используется для письма.
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