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Cupeño is an extinct Uto-Aztecan language, formerly spoken by the Cupeño people of Southern California, United States. Roscinda Nolasquez (d. 1987) was the last native speaker of Cupeño,[1] the Cupeño people now speak English. The native name Kupangaxwicham means 'people from the sleeping place' referring to their traditional homeland, prior to 1902, of Ktipa (at the base of Warner's Hot Springs).[2][3] A smaller village was located to the South of Ktipa, named Wildkalpa.

Cupeño
Kupangaxwicham Pe'me̲melki
Region	Southern California, United States
Ethnicity	Cupeño people
Extinct	1987, with the death of Roscinda Nolasquez
Language family	Uto-Aztecan Northern Uto-Aztecan Takic Cupan Cahuilla–Cupeño Cupeño
Writing system	Latin
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cup
Glottolog	cupe1243
ELP	Cupeño
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Throughout the 1890s it was debated whether or not the Cupeño peoples should be allowed to continue living on traditional Cupeño territory.[2] After many years of public protests the California Supreme Court decided to relocate the Cupeño people to the Pala Reservation.[2][3]

Cupeño has linguistic influence from both the languages before it and the Yuman-speaking lpai who shared a Southern border with them.[2]

Region

The language was originally spoken in Cupa, Wilaqalpa, and Paluqla, San Diego County, California, and later around the Pala Indian Reservation.

Morphology

Cupeño is an agglutinative language, where words use suffix complexes for a variety of purposes with several morphemes strung together. Cupeño is dominantly head-final, with a mostly strict word order (SOV)[1] for some constituents, e.g. genitive-noun constructions. But some contexts allow departure from the SOV word order, this may include shifting verbs to be the initial part of a sentence or moving arguments to follow verbs.[1]

Nouns

Nouns (as well as demonstratives, determiners, quantifiers, and adjectives) in Cupeño are marked for case and number and agree with each other in complex nominal constructions.[1]

Verbs

Cupeño inflects its verbs for transitivity, tense, aspect, mood, person, number, and evidentiality.

Evidentiality is expressed in Cupeño with clitics, which generally appear near the beginning of the sentence. =ku'ut 'reportative' (mu=ku'ut 'and it is said that...') =am 'mirative' =$he 'dubitative'

There are two inflected moods, realis =pe and irrealis =e'p.

Tense-Aspect system

Future simple verbs are unmarked. Past simple verbs have past-tense pronouns; past imperfect add the imperfect modifier shown below.

	Present	Imperfect	Fut. Imp	Customary
Singular	-qa	-qal	-nash	-ne
Plural	-we	-wen	-wene	-wene

Pronouns

The pronominals of Cupeño appear in many different forms and structures. The following appear attached only to past-tense verbs.

	Singular	Plural
1st person	ne-	chem-
2nd person	e-	em-
3rd person	pe-	pem-

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
High	i, iː		u, uː
Mid	ɛ, ɛː	ə, əː	o, oː
Low		a, aː

/ɛ/ and /o/ appear largely in Spanish loanwords, but also as allophones of /ə/ in native Cupeño words.

/i/ can also be realized as [ɪ] in closed syllables, and [e] in some open syllables.

/u/ may reduce to schwa in unstressed syllables.

/ə/ also appears as [ɨː] when long and stressed, [o] after labials and [q], and as [ɛ] before [w].

/a/ is also realized as [ɑ] before uvulars.

Consonants

		Bilabial	Coronal		Palatal	Velar		Uvular	Glottal
			laminal	apical		plain	labial.
Nasal		m	n		ɲ	ŋ
Plosive		p	t		(t)ʃ[lower-alpha 1]	k	kʷ[lower-alpha 2]	q	ʔ
Fricative	voiceless		s	ʂ		x ~ χ[lower-alpha 3]	xʷ		h
	voiced	v[lower-alpha 4]	ð[lower-alpha 4]			ɣ
Approximant					j		w
Lateral			l		ʎ
Trill				ɾ[lower-alpha 4]

Lexicon

English words and Cupeño counterparts[4]

English	Cupeño
one	suplawut
two	wi'
three	pa
four	wichu
five	numaqananax
man	naxanis
woman	muwikut
sun	tamyut
moon	munil
water	pal

See also

• Survey of California and Other Indian Languages

References

External links

• The Cupeño language^[Usurped!], Four Directions Institute
• Cupeño language, Survey of California and Other Indian Languages
• OLAC resources in and about the Cupeño language

На других языках

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- [en] Cupeño language

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[fr] Cupeño

Le cupeño est une langue uto-aztèque de la branche des langues takiques parlée aux États-Unis, dans le sud de la Californie, au Sud-Est du mont Palomar, situé dans le Nord-Est du comté de San Diego. L'ethnie compte 700 membres mais la langue est éteinte.

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[ru] Купеньо (язык)

Купеньо (Cupeño) — мёртвый юто-ацтекский язык, на котором раньше говорил народ купеньо, который сейчас проживает на юге штата Калифорния (около резервации Пала, севернее от статистически обособленной местности Вали-Сентер), в США. Последняя носительница купеньо Росинда Ноласкес умерла в 1987 году, в возрасте 92 лет. В настоящее время народ говорит на английском языке.

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