lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageThe French Sign Language (LSF, from langue des signes française) or Francosign family is a language family of sign languages which includes French Sign Language and American Sign Language.
Sign language family derived from Old French Sign Language
French Sign Language Francosign |
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Geographic distribution | Before 1850, Western Europe, and North America; today parts of Europe, the Americas, Africa, and Asia. |
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Linguistic classification | One of the world's sign language families |
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Early form | |
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Glottolog | lsfi1234 |
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The LSF family descends from Old French Sign Language (VLSF), which developed among the deaf community in Paris. The earliest mention of Old French Sign Language is by the abbé Charles-Michel de l'Épée in the late 18th century, but it could have existed for centuries prior. Several European sign languages, such as Russian Sign Language, derive from it, as does American Sign Language, established when French educator Laurent Clerc taught his language at the American School for the Deaf. Others, such as Spanish Sign Language, are thought to be related to French Sign Language even if they are not directly descendant from it.
Language family tree
Anderson (1979)
Anderson (1979)[1] postulated the following classification of LSF and its relatives, with derivation from Medieval monks' sign systems, though some lineages are apparently traced by their manual alphabets and thus irrelevant for actual classification:
- Monastic sign languages (described 1086)
- "Southwest European" Sign Languages
- Proto-Spanish
- Old Polish → Polish Sign Language
- Old French Sign Language (VLSF, before l'Épée)
- Eastern French: Old Danish (edu. 1807), Old German, German Evangelical (edu. 1779 Austria), Old Russian (edu. 1806)
- Western French
- Middle French Sign Language finger-spelling group: Netherlands (1780), Belgium (1793), Switzerland, Old French
- Middle French (dict. 1850) → French
- American (edu. 1816; later including components from Northwest European sign languages)
- International finger-spelling group: Norway, Finland, Germany, US
- Old Brazilian → Brazil, Argentina, Mexico
Wittmann (1991) and later research
Henri Wittmann (1991)[2][3] has been influential in scholarly attempts at constructing the French Sign Language family tree. He listed most of the following suspected members of the family, with date of establishment or earliest attestation. Subsequent scholarly research has confirmed most of his conclusions, but rejected others and expanded the family tree with new branches, while removing others.
French Sign Language (1752; may be different from Old French Sign Language)
and, perhaps,
- Post-1991 modifications
Wittnann believed Lyons Sign Language, Spanish Sign Language, Brazilian Sign Language, and Venezuelan Sign Language, which are sometimes counted in the French family, had separate origins, though with some contact through stimulus diffusion, and it was Lyons rather than French Sign Language that gave rise to Belgian Sign Language. Chilean Sign Language (1852) has also been included in the French family but is not listed by Wittmann.[citation needed] Hawaiian Pidgin Sign Language (with possible local admixture) turned out to be an isolate, unrelated to French, American, or any other Sign Language.[citation needed] J. Albert Bickford concluded that there was 'no substantive evidence that the [Lyons Sign Language] ever existed' and retired it from Ethnologue in 2017.[7]
See also
References
- Lloyd Anderson & David Peterson, 1979, A comparison of some American, British, Australian, and Swedish signs: evidence on historical changes in signs and some family relationships of sign languages
- Wittmann, Henri (1991). "Classification linguistique des langues signées non vocalement." Revue québécoise de linguistique théorique et appliquée 10:1.215–88.
- Reagan, Timothy (2019). Linguistic Legitimacy and Social Justice. Palgrave Mcmillan. pp. 138–141. ISBN 9783030109677. Retrieved 22 April 2020.
- Hollman, Liivi (2016). "Colour terms, kinship terms and numerals in Estonian Sign Language". Semantic Fields in Sign Languages: Colour, Kinship and Quantification. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG. pp. 41–72. ISBN 9781501503429. Retrieved 21 April 2020.
- SIL reports that it is mutually intelligible with Swedish Sign Language, which Wittmann assigns to the BANZSL family and other authors suspect is an independent family.
- McCaskill, Carolyn, Ceil Lucas, Robert Bayley, and Joseph Hill. 2011. The Hidden Treasure of Black ASL: Its History and Structure. Washington, D.C.: Gallaudet University Press. ISBN 978-1-56368-489-0.
- Bickford, J. Albert (2017-03-09). "Request Number 2017-013 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code" (PDF). SIL International. Retrieved 2019-01-06.
Primary language families |
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Africa | |
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Eurasia (Europe and Asia) | |
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New Guinea and the Pacific |
- Arai–Samaia
- Austronesian
- Binanderean–Goilalan
- Border
- Bulaka River
- Central Solomons
- Chimbu–Wahgi
- Demta–Sentani
- Doso–Turumsa
- East Geelvink Bay
- East New Britain
- East Strickland
- Eleman
- Engan
- Fas
- Foja Range
- Kaure–Kosare
- Kiwaian
- Kutubuan
- Lakes Plain
- Lower Mamberamo
- Lower Sepik
- Madang
- Mairasi
- North Bougainville
- Pauwasi
- Ramu
- Senagi
- Senu River
- Sepik
- Skou
- South Bougainville
- Teberan
- Torricelli
- Trans-Fly
- Trans–New Guinea
- Turama–Kikorian
- Upper Yuat
- West Papuan
- Yam
- Yawa
- Yuat
- Northwest Papuan?
- Papuan Gulf?
| Isolates | |
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Australia | |
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North America | |
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Mesoamerica | |
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South America |
- Andoque–Urequena
- Arauan
- Araucanian
- Arawakan
- Arutani–Sape
- Aymaran
- Barbacoan
- Boran
- Cahuapanan
- Cariban
- Catacaoan
- Chapacuran
- Charruan
- Chibchan
- Choco
- Chonan
- Guaicuruan
- Guajiboan
- Harákmbut–Katukinan
- Jirajaran
- Jivaroan
- Katembri–Taruma
- Mascoian
- Matacoan
- Nadahup
- Nambikwaran
- Otomákoan
- Pano-Tacanan
- Peba–Yaguan
- Quechuan
- Piaroa–Saliban
- Ticuna–Yuri
- Timotean
- Tiniguan
- Tucanoan
- Tupian
- Uru–Chipaya
- Witotoan
- Yanomaman
- Zamucoan
- Zaparoan
- Bora–Witoto languages?
- Chimuan?
- Esmeralda–Yaruro?
- Hibito–Cholón?
- Lule–Vilela?
- Macro-Jê?
- Tequiraca–Canichana?
| Isolates (extant in 2000) | |
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Sign languages | | Isolates |
- See list of sign languages
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See also |
- Constructed languages
- Creoles
- Language isolates
- Mixed languages
- Pidgins
- Unclassified languages
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- Families with question marks (?) are disputed or controversial.
- Families in italics have no living members.
- Families with more than 30 languages are in bold.
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Sign language |
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- List of sign languages
- List by number of signers
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Language families[a] | Sign languages by family |
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Australian Aboriginal (multiple families)[c] | |
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Arab (Ishaaric) | | Iraqi– Levantine | | Levantine |
- Jordanian
- Lebanese
- Palestinian
- Syrian
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Possible | |
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BANZSL | |
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Chinese Sign | |
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Chilean-Paraguayan- Uruguayan Sign | | Paraguayan- Uruguayan Sign |
- Paraguay (LSPY)
- Uruguay (LSU)
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Francosign | | American (ASLic) | |
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Austro- Hungarian | Russian Sign | |
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Yugoslavic Sign | |
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Dutch Sign | |
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Italian Sign | |
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Mexican Sign | |
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Old Belgian | |
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Danish (Tegnic) | |
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Viet-Thai | |
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German Sign | |
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Indo-Pakistani Sign |
- Bangalore-Madras
- Beluchistan
- Bengali
- Bombay
- Calcutta
- Delhi
- Nepali
- North West Frontier Province
- Punjab-Sindh
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Japanese Sign | |
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Kentish[c] | |
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Mayan (Meemul Tziij) |
- Highland Maya
- Yucatec
- Chicán
- Nohkop
- Nohya
- Trascorral
- Cepeda Peraza
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Original Thai Sign | |
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Paget Gorman | |
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Plains Sign Talk |
- Hand Talk
- Anishinaabe
- Apsáalooke
- Arikara
- Chaticks si Chaticks
- Cheyenne
- Coahuilteco
- Dane-zaa
- Diné
- Hinono'eino
- Hiraacá
- Icāk
- Karankawa
- Liksiyu
- Maagiadawa
- Meciciya ka pekiskwakehk
- Nakota
- Ni Mii Puu
- Niimíipuu
- Niitsítapi
- Nųmą́khų́·ki
- Nʉmʉnʉʉ
- Omaha
- Palus
- Piipaash
- Ppáⁿkka
- Schitsu'umsh
- Shiwinna
- Sioux
- Taos
- Tickanwa•tic
- Tháumgá
- Tsuu T'ina
- Umatilla
- Wazhazhe
- Wichita
- Wíyut'a / Wíblut'e
- Wyandot
| Mixed, American (ASL) | |
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Plateau |
- A'aninin
- Kalispel
- Ktunaxa (ʾa·qanⱡiⱡⱡitnam)
- Nesilextcl'n
- Shuswap (Secwepemcékst)
- Sqeliz
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Providencia– Cayman Sign | |
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Isolates | |
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Other groupings | |
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By region[a] | Sign languages by region |
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Africa | |
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Asia | |
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Europe | |
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North and Central America | |
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Oceania | |
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South America | |
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International | |
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ASL |
- Grammar
- Idioms
- Literature
- Profanity
- Name signs
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Extinct languages | |
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Linguistics |
- Grammar (ASL)
- Bimodal bilingualism
- Cherology
- Handshape / Location / Orientation / Movement / Expression
- Mouthing
- Nonmanual feature
- Sign names
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Fingerspelling |
- American
- British (two-handed)
- Catalan
- Chilean
- Esperanto
- French
- German
- Hungarian
- Irish
- Japanese
- Korean
- Polish
- Russian
- Serbo-Croatian
- Spanish
- Ukrainian
- Portuguese
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Writing | |
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Language contact |
- Contact sign
- Initialized sign
- Mouthing
| Signed Oral Languages |
- Indian Signing System
- Manually coded English
- Manually coded language in South Africa
- Manually Coded Malay
- Paget Gorman Sign System
- Signed Dutch
- Signed French
- Signed German
- Signed Italian
- Signed Japanese
- Signed Polish
- Signed Spanish
- Signing Exact English
- Signed Swedish
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Others |
- Bilingual–bicultural education
- Manually coded language
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Media |
- Films (list)
- Television shows (list)
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Persons | |
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Organisations |
- Association of Visual Language Interpreters of Canada
- International Center on Deafness and the Arts
- Mimics and Gesture Theatre
- World Association of Sign Language Interpreters
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Miscellaneous |
- Baby sign language
- CHCI chimpanzee center (Washoe, Loulis)
- Open Outcry
- Legal recognition
- U.S. Army hand and arm signals
- Monastic sign languages
- Tactile signing
- Protactile
- Tic-tac (betting)
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^a Sign-language names reflect the region of origin. Natural sign languages are not related to the spoken language used in the same region. For example, French Sign Language originated in France, but is not related to French. Conversely, ASL and BSL both originated in English-speaking countries but are not related to each other; ASL however is related to French Sign Language.
^b Denotes the number (if known) of languages within the family. No further information is given on these languages.
^c Italics indicate extinct languages. |
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Proto | |
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Africa | ASLic |
- Francophone African
- Ghanaian
- Moroccan
- Nigerian
- Sierra Leonean
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Danish | |
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Dutch | |
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Italian | |
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Americas |
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Asia | |
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Europe | ASLic | |
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Austro- Hungarian |
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Old Belgian | |
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Danish | |
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Oceania | |
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Italics indicate extinct languages |
На других языках
- [en] French Sign Language family
[ru] Семья французского жестового языка
Семья́ францу́зского же́стового языка́ — семья жестовых языков, произошедшая от французского жестового языка и включающая амслен[1][2], русский[3], нидерландский[nl], фламандский, квебекский, ирландский и бразильский жестовые языки; другие, к примеру, испанский жестовый язык[es], испытали его сильное влияние.
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