lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Search / Calendar

Karenni or Red Karen (Kayah Li: ꤊꤢꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤤ꤬; Burmese: ကရင်နီ), known in Burmese as Kayah (Burmese: ကယား), is a Karen dialect continuum spoken by over half a million Kayah people (Red Karen) in Burma.

Karenni
Kayah
ကယား, ꤊꤢꤛꤢ꤭ ꤜꤟꤤ꤬
Native toBurma, Thailand
EthnicityKayah
Native speakers
187,000 (2000–2007)[1]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
  • Karen languages
    • Sgaw–Bghai
      • Karenni
Writing system
Kayah Li (eky,kyu)
Latin (kyu,kxf)
Myanmar (kyu,kxf)
unwritten (kvy)
Official status
Recognised minority
language in
 Thailand
 Myanmar
Language codes
ISO 639-3Variously:
eky  Eastern Kayah
kyu  Western Kayah
kvy  Yintale
kxf  Manumanaw (Manu)
Glottologkaya1317  Kayah
yint1235  Yintale Karen
manu1255  Manumanaw Karen

The name Kayah has been described as "a new name invented by the Burmese to split them off from other Karen".[2]

Eastern Kayah is reported to have been spoken by 260,000 in Burma and 100,000 in Thailand in 2000, and Western Kayah by 210,000 in Burma in 1987. They are rather divergent. Among the Western dialects are Yintale and kayahManu (Manumanaw in Burmese).


Distribution and varieties


Eastern Kayah is spoken in:[1]

Eastern Kayah dialects are Upper Eastern Kayah and Lower Eastern Kayah, which are mutually intelligible. The speech variety of Huai Sua Thaw village (Lower Eastern) is prestigious for both dialect groups. The Eastern Kayah have difficulty understanding the Western Kayah.

Western Kayah is spoken in Kayah State and Kayin State, east of the Thanlwin River. It is also spoken in Pekon township in southern Shan State.[1]

Western Kayah dialects are part of a dialect continuum of Central Karen varieties stretching from Thailand. They include:[1]

Yintale, reportedly a variety of Western Kayah, is spoken in 3 villages of Hpasawng township, Bawlakhe district, Kayah State.[1]

Yintale dialects are Bawlake and Wa Awng.

Kawyaw, reportedly similar to Western Kayah, is spoken in 23 villages along the border of Bawlake and Hpruso townships, in the West Kyebogyi area of Kayah State.

Kawyaw dialects are Tawkhu and Doloso, which have been reported to be difficult to mutually understand.


Writing system


According to Aung 2013, Manumanaw Karen does not yet have a standardized script. Catholic missionaries developed a spelling using the Latin script which is used in religious documents, including the translation of the Bible. A Manumanaw Karen literature committee has been set up and is developing literacy programs with SIL, using spelling based on Burmese script , so that it is accepted by Catholics and Baptists.[3]

Manumanaw Karen Latin Alphabet
abcde èghji îkkhlm noôòp phrssht htuûwy

The tones are indicated using the caron, the acute accent or without the addition of these on the vowels: á, é, è́, í, î́, ó, ố, ò́, ú, û́, ǎ, ě, è̌, ǐ, î̌, ǒ, ô̌, ò̌, ǔ, û̌. The diaeresis below is used to indicate the breathy voice on the vowels: a̤, e̤, i̤, o̤, ṳ.

Western Kayah Latin Alphabet
abcde fghij klmno pqrst uvwxy z

Seven digraphs are used.

Digraph
nghtkhphthnygn

The five vowels of the alphabet are supplemented by four accented letters representing their own vowels.


Vowels
aeiouèòôû

Tones are represented using the acute accent and the caron over the vowel. The breathy voice is indicated with an umlaut below the vowel letter. Breathy voiced vowel letters can also have a diacritic indicating the tone.

Tones
High áéíóúè́ò́û́
Medium ǎěǐǒǔè̌ò̌ô̌û̌
Breathy è̤ò̤ô̤ṳ̂

References


  1. Eastern Kayah at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Western Kayah at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Yintale at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
    Manumanaw (Manu) at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Christopher Beckwith, International Association for Tibetan Studies, 2002. Medieval Tibeto-Burman languages, p. 108.
  3. Aung, Wai Lin (2013). "A Descriptive Grammar of Kayah Monu (Master's thesis)" (PDF). Payap University. p. 14.

Further reading





На других языках


- [en] Karenni language

[fr] Kayah (langue)

Le kayah est un continuum linguistique de langues tibéto-birmanes parlée par les Karennis dans l'est de la Birmanie et dans l’Ouest de la Thaïlande.

[ru] Краснокаренский язык

Краснокаренский язык (каренни, на бирманском языке как кая) — каренский диалектный континуум, на диалектах которого говорят более 500 000 человек, представителей народа кая (красные карены) в Мьянме.



Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии