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Asháninka (also known as Campa, although this name is derogatory[2][3][4]) is an Arawakan language spoken by the Asháninka people of Peru and Acre, Brazil. It is largely spoken in the Satipo Province located in the amazon forest.[5] While there are low literacy rates in Asháninka, language use is vibrant among the Asháninka.

Asháninka
Campa
Native to	Perú and Brazil
Ethnicity	Asháninka people
Native speakers	35,000 (2007)[1] 63,000 all varieties Ashaninka & Asheninka (2007 census)[1]
Language family	Arawakan Southern Campa Asháninka
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cni
Glottolog	asha1243
ELP	Asháninka

Classification

The Campa (or Pre-Andean) group of the Maipurean language family includes what have been called Asháninka, Gran Pajonal Campa, Ashéninka, Axaninca, Machiguenga, and Nomatsiguenga. As these are all very closely related linguistic systems, the decision to call them dialects of a single language or different languages rests on social and political considerations rather than linguistic similarity or difference, as in so many other places in the world. Attempts to unify the varieties with one written standard have not been successful.

History

The language has also been called both Asháninka and Campa; the latter of which is considered by the Asháninka to be offensive, as it derives from the Quechua word thampa, meaning ragged and dirty. Like all languages that have a predominance in any particular region of Perú, Asháninka is an official language in the area in which it is spoken, as provided by the Constitution. Literacy rates range from 10% to 30%, compared to 15% to 25% literacy for the second language, Spanish.

Phonology

Consonants

	Labial	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	p	t	tʲ	k
Affricate		t͡s	t͡ʃ
Fricative	β	s	ʃ		h
Nasal	m	n	ɲ
Rhotic		ɾ
Semivowel			j

Following voiced nasals, voiceless plosives become voiced. Preceding an [a] vowel, a [k] sound becomes labialized as [kʷ]. A labial sound [w] is formed when two vowels /oa/ are together.[6]

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i
Mid	e	o
Open	a

Language basics and comparisons

English	Spanish	Asháninka
One	Uno	Aparo
Two	Dos	Apite
Three	Tres	Maava
Man	Hombre	Shirampari
Woman	Mujer	Tsinane
Dog	Perro	Otsiti
Sun	Sol	Poreatsiri
Moon	Luna	Cashiri
Water	Agua	Nija

Threats

This language can be categorized as vulnerable for a multitude of reasons. South America has been a target for logging and other deforestation efforts, that are oftentimes illegal. Those that speak Asháninka call the historically dense rainforests of Peru and Brazil their home, and live off this land. This habitat, specially in the Peruvian side, faces a moderate threat from logging and other destructive practices by outside forces.

References

Further reading

• Cushimariano Romano, Rubén and Richer C. Sebastián Q. (2009). Diccionario asháninka–castellano (versión preliminar).
• Crevels, Mily, Lyle Campbell, Veronica Grondona, and Mouton De Gruyter. "Language Endangerment in South America: The Clock Is Ticking." A Comprehensive Guide The Indigenous Languages of South America, 2012, 167-234.
• "Asháninka." Language, Alphabet and Pronunciation. Accessed May 5, 2016.

External links

Asháninka test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

• "Base De Datos De Pueblos Indígenas U Originarios." Base De Datos De Pueblos Indígenas U Originarios. Accessed March 11, 2016.
• Language Archives.org
• "Native American Vocabulary: Ashaninka Words (Campa)." Ashaninka Words (Campa, Ashninka). 2015.
• "The Endangered Languages Project." Endangered Languages Project. Accessed May 5, 2016.

На других языках

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[de] Asháninka (Sprache)

Asháninka ist die Sprache der gleichnamigen Ethnie in Peru. Sie gehört zu den Arawak-Sprachen.

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- [en] Asháninka language

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[es] Lengua asháninca

El asháninca (asháninka, ashuninka, o campa) es una lengua indígena americana de la familia arahuaca, originaria de la yunga del Perú. Se habla especialmente a lo largo del curso de los ríos Apurímac, Ene, Perené y Tambo en Perú y en Acre, Brasil. El asháninca no debe ser confundido con el ashéninka. Es cercano también al caquinte y al machiguenga. El término Campa se considera ofensivo por parte de los hablantes de esta lengua.

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[fr] Ashaninka (langue)

L’ashaninka est une langue arawakienne parlée par les Asháninkas au Brésil et au Pérou.

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[ru] Ашанинка (язык)

Ашанинка, или Кампа (Asháninca, Campa) — аравакский язык, на котором говорит народ кампа, который проживает на реках и притоках Перене, Тамбо и Эне на реке Апуримак в Перу. Название «кампа» считается частью носителей этого языка оскорбительным.

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