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Shipibo (also Shipibo-Conibo, Shipibo-Konibo) is a Panoan language spoken in Peru and Brazil by approximately 26,000 speakers. Shipibo is an official language of Peru.
 | This article includes a list of general references, but it lacks sufficient corresponding inline citations. (September 2017) |
| Shipibo-Conibo | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Peru |
| Region | Ucayali Region |
| Ethnicity | Shipibo-Conibo people |
Native speakers | 26,000 (2003)[1] |
Language family | Panoan
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | Either:shp – Shipibo-Conibokaq – Tapiche Capanahua |
| Glottolog | ship1253 |
 | |
Dialects
Shipibo has three attested dialects:
- Shipibo and Konibo (Conibo), which have merged
- Kapanawa of the Tapiche River,[2] which is obsolescent
Extinct Xipináwa (Shipinawa) is thought to have been a dialect as well,[3] but there is no linguistic data.
Phonology
Vowels
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i ĩ i | ɯ ɯ̃ e | |
| Mid | o õ o | ||
| Open | a ã a |
- /i/ and /o/ are lower than their cardinal counterparts (in addition to being more front in the latter case): [i̞], [o̽], /ɯ/ is more front than cardinal [ɯ]: [ɯ̟], whereas /a/ is more close and more central [ɐ] than cardinal [a]. The first three vowels tend to be somewhat more central in closed syllables, whereas /ɯ/ before coronal consonants (especially /n, t, s/) can be as central as [ɨ].[5]
- In connected speech, two adjacent vowels may be realized as a rising diphthong.[6]
Nasal
- The oral vowels /i, ɯ, o, a/ are phonetically nasalized [ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã] after a nasal consonant, but the phonological behaviour of these allophones is different from the nasal vowel phonemes /ĩ, ɯ̃, õ, ã/.[4]
- Oral vowels in syllables preceding syllables with nasal vowels are realized as nasal, but not when a consonant other than /w, j/ intervenes.[6]
Unstressed
- The second one of the two adjacent unstressed vowels is often deleted.[6]
- Unstressed vowels may be devoiced or even elided between two voiceless obstruents.[6]
Consonants
| Labial | Dental/ Alveolar |
Retroflex | Palato- alveolar |
Dorsal | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m m | n n | |||||
| Plosive | p p | t t | k c/qu | ||||
| Affricate | ts ts | tʃ ch | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | s s | ʂ s̈h | ʃ sh | h j | ||
| voiced | β b | ||||||
| Approximant | w hu | ɻ r | j y | ||||
- /m, p, β/ are bilabial, whereas /w/ is labialized velar.
- /β/ is most typically a fricative [β], but other realizations (such as an approximant [β̞], a stop [b] and an affricate [bβ]) also appear. The stop realization is most likely to appear in word-initial stressed syllables, whereas the approximant realization appears most often as onsets to non-initial unstressed syllables.[4]
- /n, ts, s/ are alveolar [n, ts, s], whereas /t/ is dental [t̪].[7]
- The /ʂ–ʃ/ distinction can be described as an apical–laminal one.[4]
- /k/ is velar, whereas /j/ is palatal.[7]
- Before nasal vowels, /w, j/ are nasalized [w̃, j̃] and may be even realized close to nasal stops [ŋʷ, ɲ].[6]
- /w/ is realized as [w] before /a, ã/, as [ɥ] before /i, ĩ/ and as [ɰ] before /ɯ, ɯ̃/. It does not occur before /o, õ/.[6]
- /ɻ/ is a very variable sound:
- Intervocalically, it is realized either as continuant, with or without weak frication ([ɻ] or [ʐ]).[4]
- Sometimes (especially in the beginning of a stressed syllable) it can be realized as a postalveolar affricate [d̠͡z̠], or a stop-appproximant sequence [d̠ɹ̠].[6]
- It can also be realized as a postalveolar flap [ɾ̠].[4]
References
- Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
Tapiche Capanahua at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required) - Fleck (2013), p. 18.
- Fleck (2013), p. 14.
- Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 282.
- Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), pp. 282–283.
- Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 283.
- Valenzuela, Márquez Pinedo & Maddieson (2001), p. 281.
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-509427-1.
- Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2000). El Acento en Shipibo (Stress in Shipibo). Thesis. Universidad Nacional Mayor de San Marcos, Lima - Peru.
- Elias-Ulloa, Jose (2005). Theoretical Aspects of Panoan Metrical Phonology: Disyllabic Footing and Contextual Syllable Weight. Ph. D. Dissertation. Rutgers University. ROA 804 .
- Fleck, David W. (10 October 2013). Panoan Languages and Linguistics (PDF). Anthropological Papers of the American Museum of Natural History (no. 99). ISSN 0065-9452.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1990). Language history in South America: What we know and how to know more. In D. L. Payne (Ed.), Amazonian linguistics: Studies in lowland South American languages (pp. 13–67). Austin: University of Texas Press. ISBN 0-292-70414-3.
- Kaufman, Terrence. (1994). The native languages of South America. In C. Mosley & R. E. Asher (Eds.), Atlas of the world's languages (pp. 46–76). London: Routledge.
- Loriot, James and Barbara E. Hollenbach. 1970. "Shipibo paragraph structure." Foundations of Language 6: 43-66. (This was the seminal Discourse Analysis paper taught at SIL in 1956-7.)
- Loriot, James, Erwin Lauriault, and Dwight Day, compilers. 1993. Diccionario shipibo - castellano. Serie Lingüística Peruana, 31. Lima: Ministerio de Educación and Instituto Lingüístico de Verano. 554 p. (Spanish zip-file available online http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=928474530143&Lang=eng) This has a complete grammar published in English by SIL only available through SIL.
- Valenzuela, Pilar M.; Márquez Pinedo, Luis; Maddieson, Ian (2001), "Shipibo", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 31 (2): 281–285, doi:10.1017/S0025100301002109
External links
Shipibo test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Shipibo-Conibo.
- Shipibo-Conibo at Ethnologue
- Lengua Shipibo at Proel
- Shipibo-Conibo (Intercontinental Dictionary Series)
| Authority control: National libraries |
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На других языках
- [en] Shipibo language
[es] Idioma shipibo
El shipibo (o shipibo-conibo o shipibo-konibo del nuevo alfabeto reconocido oficialmente en marzo de 2011) es la lengua más hablada de la familia pano con unos 34.152 hablantes aunque solamente 25.222 autoindentifacaron con la etnia shipibo-conibo en el Censo peruano de 2017 del Perú. El shipibo tiene cuatro a cinco dialectos, según los investigadores:[fr] Shipibo-conibo
Le shipibo-conibo (ou shipibo-konibo) est une langue panoane parlée en Amazonie péruvienne dans le bassin de la rivière Ucayali.[ru] Шипибо-конибо (язык)
Шипибо-конибо (или шипибо) — один из наиболее распространённых паноанских языков. Количество носителей приблизительно 8000 человек из 26 000 членов союза племён шипибо-конибо. В шипибо выделяют 4 наречия:Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.
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