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Kashinawa (also spelled Kaxinawá, Kashinawa, Kaxynawa, Caxinawa, Caxinawá, and Cashinahua), or Hantxa Kuin (Hãtxa Kuĩ), is an indigenous American language of western South America which belongs to the Panoan language family. It is spoken by about 1,600 Kaxinawá in Peru, along the Curanja and the Purus Rivers, and in Brazil by 400 Kaxinawá in the state of Acre.

Kashinawa
Kashinawa of the Ibuaçu River
Native to	Peru, Brazil
Ethnicity	Kaxinawá people
Native speakers	1,200 (2003–2007)[1]
Language family	Panoan Mainline Panoan Nawa Headwaters Kashinawa
Language codes
ISO 639-3	cbs
Glottolog	cash1254
ELP	Cashinahua
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About five to ten percent of speakers have some Spanish language proficiency,[2] while forty percent are literate and twenty to thirty percent are literate in Spanish as a second language.

Dialects are Brazilian Kashinawa, Peruvian Kashinawa, and the extinct Juruá Kapanawa (Capanahua of the Juruá River) and Paranawa.

Phonology

Vowels

		Front	Central	Back
Close	Oral	i /i/	e /ɨ/	u /u~ʊ~o/
	Nasal	ĩ /ĩ/	ẽ /ɨ̃/	ũ /ũ~õ/
Open	Oral	a /a/
	Nasal	ã /ã/

• In final syllables, /a, ã/ are heard as [ə, ə̃].
• /ɨ, ɨ̃/ can also be heard as mid-back [ɤ, ɤ̃].
• Although nasalization is generally marked by placing a tilde over the vowel, some authors choose to mark it with a following ⟨n⟩ to denote that the previous vowel or contiguous vowels are nasalised.

Consonants

Consonants	Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	p /p/ b /b/	t /t/ d /d/			k /k/	’ /ʔ/
Fricative		s /s/	x/shr /ʂ/	x/sh /ʃ/		j/h /h/
Affricates		ts /t͡s/		ch/t͡ʃ/
Nasal	m /m/	n /n/
Approximant	v/w /w~β/			y /j/

• The stop consonant d /d/ may be pronounced as an alveolar flap [ɾ] when between two vowels, like the North American English pronunciation of ⟨dd⟩ in the word ladder.

Dictionary

A dictionary has been compiled and published since 1980.^{[citation needed]}

Orthography

The Roman alphabet is used. Generatives come before nouns. There is an interrogative punctuation mark different from the question mark.

Morphology

Articles and adjectives are placed after nouns. There are seven prefixes and five suffixes.

References

Sources

• Cashinahua Pronunciation and Spelling Guide, Native Languages of the Americas website. 1998-2008.
• Wise, Mary Ruth. 1981. Diccionario Cashinahua. Yarinacocha, Peru: Instituto Lingüístico del Verano.
• Animacy and mythology in Hantxa Kuin (Cashinahua), Department of Linguistics, Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology.
• Kensinger, Kenneth M. The phonological hierarchy of Cashinahua (Pano). Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of Oklahoma. 1963.
• Montag, Richard. 2008 Participant Referencing in Cashinahua. SIL International.

На других языках

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- [en] Kashinawa language

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[fr] Cashinahua

Le cachinawa (ou cashinahua, kashinawa, kaxinaua, kaxinawa) est une langue pano parlée en Amazonie péruvienne et brésilienne, dans le bassin des fleuves Jurua-Purus. La langue est parlée dans l'État de l'Acre par 4 500 personnes et au Pérou par 1 300, environ.

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[ru] Южный кашинава

Южный кашинава (южный кашинауа, ибуасу-кашинава; Kashinawa of the Ibuaçu River, Cashinahua, Kashinawa, Kaxinawa, Tuxinawa, Kaxinawá, Kaxynawa, Caxinawa, Caxinawá, Cashinahuá, Kaxinauá; самоназвание Junikuin) — один из паноанских языков. Число носителей — около 2 тыс. чел. Из них 1 600 человек проживает в Перу, вдоль рек Куранья и Пурус, около 400 человек также проживают в Бразилии, в штате Акри. Имеет достаточно прочные позиции, распространён среди всех возрастных групп. Некоторые носители владеют испанским (в Перу) или португальским (в Бразилии).

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