lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Piapoco is an Arawakan language of Colombia and Venezuela.

Piapoco
Cháse
Native to	Colombia, Venezuela
Native speakers	6,400 (2001–2007)[1]
Language family	Arawakan Northern Upper Amazon Western Nawiki Piapoko languages Piapoco
Language codes
ISO 639-3	pio
Glottolog	piap1246  Piapoco pona1251  Ponares – undemonstrated
ELP	Piapoco

A "Ponares" language is inferred from surnames, and may have been Piapoco or Achagua.

History

Piapoco is a branch of the Arawak language, which also includes Achagua and Tariana.[2] Piapoco is considered a Northern Arawak language.[3] There are only about 3,000 Piapoco speakers left today. These people live in the Meta, Vichada, and Guaviare rivers in Colombia[4] Piapoco speakers also reside in Venezuela.[5] It is an endangered language.[5]

Geography/Background

The Piapocos come from the larger tribe, the Piaroa, who are indigenous to the Amazon rain forest.[6] The Piapoco people originally lived in the midsection of Rio Guaviare, later moving in the 18th century to avoid settlers, missionaries, and others.[7]

Grammar

A Piapoco-Spanish dictionary containing 2,500 words was written by Deloris Klumpp, in which botanical identification of plants were captured, although not all.[3] The Piapoco language follows the following grammatical rules: plural suffix -nai used for animates only, derivational suffixes masculine -iri, feminine -tua, suffix -mi 'late, defunct,' nominalizing -si, declarative mood marker -ka.[3] Piapoco is unique in that it seems to be a nominative-accusative language.[3] There are eighteen segmental phonemes, fourteen consonant and four vowels in the Piapoco language.[8]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m		n
Stop	voiceless	p		t		k
	voiced	b		d
Affricate				ts
Fricative			s̪ ~ θ				h
Trill				r
Approximant		w		l	j

• /s̪/ can be pronounced as [θ] among speakers who have had less contact with Spanish speakers.
• /k/ can be palatalized as [kʲ] when after /i/, before another vowel.
• /ts/ can be pronounced as [tʃ] in free variation among different speakers.
• /w/ is pronounced as [β] when preceding front vowels.

Vowels

	Front	Back
High	i	u
Low	e	a

Vowels can be nasalized [ã] when occurring before nasal consonants.[9]

Bilingualism

The word Piapoco is a Spanish nickname in reference to the toucan.[4] Most Piapoco also speak Spanish.[7] Speakers who have had less contact with Spanish speakers more often pronounce the phoneme "s" as a voiceless interdental fricative.[8] Younger speakers of the Piapoco language tend to eliminate the "h" more than older speakers due to their contact with the Spanish language.[8]

When a large portion of people come in contact with another language and are competent in it, their language gradually becomes more like the other.[10] This allows for a gradual convergence, where grammar and semantics of one language begin to replicate the other.[10]

References

• Klumpp, Deloris A. (2019). Hollenbach, Barbara E. (ed.). A Grammar of Piapoco. SIL eBook 71. SIL International.

На других языках

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- [en] Piapoco language

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[es] Idioma piapoco

El idioma piapoco es un idioma arawaco hablado por unas tres mil personas, los piapoco o wenaiwika, en Colombia y Venezuela.

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[fr] Piapoco

Le piapoco est une langue amérindienne de la famille des langues arawakiennes du Nord, parlée en Colombie le long des rivières Meta, Vichada et Guaviare par 3 100 personnes[2].

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[ru] Пиапоко

Пиапоко (Piapoco) — аравакский язык, на котором говорит народ пиапоко, проживает в Венесуэле и Колумбии. Имеет две разновидности: пиапоко и понарес.

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