Camsá (Kamsá, Kamse), also Mocoa, Sibundoy, Coche, or Kamemtxa / Camëntsëá, is a language isolate and native language of the Camsá people who primarily inhabit the Sibundoy Valley of the Putumayo Department in the south of Colombia.
| Camsa | |
|---|---|
| Coche | |
| Region | Colombia |
| Ethnicity | Camsá people |
Native speakers | 4,000 (2008)[1] |
Language family | Language isolate |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kbh |
| Glottolog | cams1241 |
| ELP | Camsá |
Location of the municipality and town of Sibundoy | |
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Choco languages due to contact.[2]
Mason (1950) lists the following names as Coche (Mocoa) varieties.[3]
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2019) |
| Bilabial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Uvular | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | c | k | |
| voiced | b | d | g | |||
| Fricative | f | s | χ | |||
| Affricate | voiceless | t͡s | ||||
| voiced | d͡z | |||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Approximant | l | j | w | |||
| Trill | r | |||||
O'Brien (2018) analyzes six vowel phonemes in Camsá: /a e i o u ɨ/. O'Brien notes that /ɨ/ has a limited distribution and is rarely found at the beginnings of words, and that [i] in many cases may be an allophone of /e/ before palatal consonants.
This section needs expansion. You can help by adding to it. (November 2019) |
Camsá is a polysynthetic language with prefixes and suffixes.[5] It also has dual number, which is unusual for languages around it.[4][5]
Kamsá vocabulary from Huber and Reed (1992):[6]
| no. | English gloss | Spanish gloss | Kamsá | notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 001 | tongue | lengua | biᶘtá-xa | |
| 002 | mouth | boca | wajá-ɕa | |
| 003 | lip | labio | wajatsebiá-ɕa | |
| 004 | tooth | diente | xuatsá-ɕe | |
| 005 | nose | nariz | tsxá-ɕe | |
| 006 | eye | ojo | bɕnɨ-bé | |
| 007 | ear | oreja | matskuá-ɕe | |
| 008 | head | cabeza | bestɕá-ɕe, betɕá-ɕe | |
| 009 | forehead | frente | xuentsɨɕá-ɕe | |
| 010 | hair | cabello | stxɨnɨ́-xa | |
| 011 | chin | mentón | kumbambɨ́-ɕa | |
| 012 | beard | barba | wangɨtsboboʃɨ́-xua | |
| 013 | neck | cuello | tamoɕá-xa | |
| 014 | chest | pecho | kotʃá-xa | |
| 015 | woman’s breast | teta, seno, pechos | tʃótʃo | |
| 016 | abdomen | vientre, abdomen | wabsbiá | |
| 017 | back | espalda | stɨtɕá-xa | |
| 018 | shoulder | hombro | tantɕá-xa | |
| 019 | arm | brazo | buakuá-tɕe | |
| 021 | elbow | codo | ʃɨmia-bé | |
| 022 | hand | mano | kukuá-tɕe | |
| 023 | finger | dedo de la mano | ntɕabuá-bxa | |
| 024 | fingernail | una | ngétsebia-ɕe | |
| 025 | leg | pierna | mɨntxá-xa | |
| 027 | knee | rodilla | ntsamiá-ɕe | |
| 028 | shin | espinilla | ɕɨbxá-xa | |
| 029 | foot | pie | ʃekuá-tɕe | |
| 030 | toe | dedo del pie | xɨntɕá-bxa | |
| 031 | skin | piel | bobátʃe | |
| 032 | bone | hueso | betá-ɕe, betá-bxa | |
| 033 | blood | sangre | buíɲe | |
| 034 | heart | corazón | ainána | |
| 035 | lungs | pulmones | béxnatse | |
| 036 | penis | pene | lótɕe | |
| 037 | vulva | vulva | salápo | |
| 038 | man | hombre | entɕá (jentɕá) | |
| 039 | male | varón | bojabása | |
| 040 | woman | mujer | ʃembása | |
| 041 | people | gente | entɕánga | |
| 042 | husband | marido, esposo | bojá | |
| 043 | wife | marida, esposa | ʃéma | |
| 044 | father | padre | taitá, bébta | |
| 045 | mother | madre | mamá, bebmá, máma | |
| 046 | baby, infant | criatura | ɕeɕóna, (ɕoɕóna) | |
| 047 | old man | viejo | bɨtsanań | |
| 048 | water | agua | bújeʃe, béxa-je | |
| 049 | river | río | béxa-ke, bʃáxa-je | |
| 051 | lake | lago | wabxaxóna-je | |
| 052 | swamp | pantano | xatɨʃáɲe | |
| 053 | spring of water | fuente, ojo de agua | obaxtʃkaníɲe | |
| 054 | waterfall | caída de agua | buatʃkɨkxaníɲe | |
| 055 | rapids | catarata, raudal | bʃawenaníɲe | |
| 056 | flame, fire | candela, fuego | íɲe, níɲe | |
| 057 | ash | ceniza | xatinjá | |
| 058 | charcoal | carbón | enaxomá-ɕe | |
| 059 | smoke | humo | ngóna | |
| 060 | firewood | leña | niɲá | |
| 061 | sky | cíelo | sel-óka | Spanish loanword |
| 062 | rain | lluvia | wabténa | |
| 063 | wind | viento | bínjia | |
| 064 | sun | sol | ʃínje | |
| 065 | moon | luna | xuaʃkóna | |
| 066 | star | estrella | estrelja-téma | Spanish loanword |
| 067 | day | día | bɨnɨ-té, té | |
| 068 | night | noche | ibéta | |
| 069 | thunder | trueno | waxuesajá | |
| 070 | lightning | relámpago | tkuínje | |
| 071 | rainbow | arco iris | tsɨbkuákuatxo | |
| 072 | earth, soil | tierra | bʃántse | |
| 073 | stone | piedra | ndɨtɕ-bé | |
| 074 | sand | arena | kaskáxo | Spanish loanword |
| 075 | house | casa | jébna | |
| 076 | roof | techo | thɨxnaɲe, bonxanána | |
| 077 | door | puerta | bɨɕá-ɕe | |
| 078 | seat, stool | banco | tɕenɨ́-ɕe | |
| 079 | mat | estera | txuá-ʃe | |
| 080 | hammock | hamaca | uxonjanɨ́-ʃa | |
| 081 | bed | catre, cama de barbacoa | xutsnɨ́-ʃa | |
| 082 | cooking pot | olla | matbá-xa | |
| 083 | cultivated clearing | roza, sementera | xaxáɲe | |
| 084 | village | caserío | pueblo-téma | Spanish loanword |
| 085 | path, trail | camino, sendero, trocha | benátʃe | |
| 086 | fish net | red | ataʒajɨ́-ʃa | Spanish loanword |
| 087 | fish hook | anzuelo | ansuelɨ-bxuá | Spanish loanword |
| 088 | axe | hacha | tatɕnía | Spanish loanword |
| 089 | knife | cuchillo | kutʃiljɨ-bxa | Spanish loanword |
| 090 | canoe | canoa | kanoú-ɕe | |
| 091 | paddle | remo | ʒem-bé | Spanish loanword |
| 092 | club | porra, macana | ngarot-bé | Spanish loanword |
| 093 | spear | lanza | lantsɨ́-ʃa | Spanish loanword |
| 094 | bow | arco de cazar | arkú-bxa | Spanish loanword |
| 095 | arrow | flecha | pletʃɨ-bxuá | Spanish loanword |
| 096 | blowgun | cerbatana | . xuesanɨ-ɕa | |
| 097 | tapir | danta | bɨtsijá | |
| 098 | jaguar | tigre | tígre | Spanish loanword |
| 099 | puma | león, puma | león | Spanish loanword |
| 100 | armadillo | armadillo | armadiljo-bé | |
| 101 | dog | perro | kéɕe | |
| 102 | deer | venado | biángana, móngoxo | |
| 103 | bat | murciélago | tʃimbiláko | |
| 104 | otter | nutria | salado-bé | |
| 105 | cebus monkey (Cebus capucinus) | capuchin, machín | komendéro | Spanish loanword |
| 110 | spotted cavy | paca, guagua | mɨmaɕe | |
| 113 | tortoise | tortuga | tortúga-ɕe | Spanish loanword |
| 115 | collared peccary | saíno | saín kótɕe | Spanish loanword |
| 117 | agouti | agutí | entsóje-ɕe | |
| 118 | rat | rata | ʒáta-tɕe | Spanish loanword |
| 119 | cat | gato | meséto | |
| 120 | mouse | ratón | ʃiéna | |
| 121 | tail | cola | waskuatɕi-xuá | |
| 122 | snake | serpiente, culebra | mɨtɕkuáje | |
| 123 | anaconda, water boa | mapana | amarón | |
| 126 | toad | sapo | sápo | Spanish loanword |
| 127 | bird | pájaro | ʃlóbtɕe | |
| 128 | hummingbird | picaflor, colibrí | ngɨntsiána | |
| 130 | toucan | tucán | pikúdo | |
| 131 | parrot | loro | ʃatúo, ʃatú | |
| 133 | buzzard | gallinazo | ngaljináso | Spanish loanword |
| 134 | curassow | pavo | tʃúmbo | |
| 135 | owl | lechuza, buho | koskúngo | |
| 136 | guan | pava de monte | kukuána | |
| 137 | hen | gallina | tuámba | |
| 138 | fish | pescado | beóna | |
| 140 | bee | abeja | txowána | |
| 141 | fly | mosca | ʃatsɨbiána | |
| 142 | flea | pulga | nzantsána | |
| 143 | louse | piojo | mɨtsána | |
| 144 | mosquito | zancudo | ʃɨngna-bxa | |
| 146 | ant | hormiga | xuána | |
| 147 | spider | arana | báxna, batʃná-ɕe | |
| 148 | jigger flea | nigua, pigue | tsɨtxóna | |
| 149 | bush, jungle | monte | txá-ɲe | |
| 150 | open grassland | pajonal, sabana | xatʃáɲe | |
| 151 | hill | cerro, loma | batsxáɲe | |
| 152 | tree | árbol | betíje, betijé-ʃe | |
| 153 | leaf | hoja | tsbuaná-tʃe | |
| 154 | tree leaf | hoja de árbol | tsbuaná-tʃe | |
| 155 | flower | flor | wantɕebxú-ʃa | |
| 156 | fruit | fruta | ʃaxuan-bé | |
| 158 | root | raíz | tbɨtɨ́-xa | |
| 159 | seed | semilla | xénaje | |
| 160 | stick | palo | niɲɨ́-ɕe | |
| 161 | grass | hierba | ʃákuana | |
| 162 | corn, maize | maíz | mátse | |
| 163 | manioc | yuca | bʃendɨ́-ɕe | |
| 165 | tobacco | tabaco | tbáko | Spanish loanword |
| 166 | cotton | algodón | tongéntse-ʃe | |
| 167 | gourd | calabazo poro | taus-bé | |
| 168 | yam | ñame | tʃaná | |
| 169 | sweet potato | camote | mijá | |
| 170 | achiote | achiote, bija | mandorɨ́-ʃa | |
| 171 | chili pepper | ají | tsɨtɕá | |
| 173 | Banisterium, hallucinogenic vine | ayahuasca, jajé | biaxíje | |
| 174 | plantain | plátano | blandɨ́-tɕa | Spanish loanword |
| 178 | cane | caña brava | ɕɨ́-ɕe | |
| 179 | salt | sal | tamó | |
| 180 | chicha | chicha, masato | bóko-ye | |
| 181 | one | uno | kánje | |
| 182 | two | dos | úta | |
| 183 | three | tres | únga | |
| 184 | four | cuatro | kánta | |
| 185 | five | cinco | ʃátʃna | |
| 190 | ten | diez | bnɨ́tsan | |
| 191 | first | primero | natsána | |
| 192 | last | último | ústonoje | |
| 193 | rattle | sonajero, maraca | marakɨ́-ʃe | Spanish loanword |
| 194 | drum | tambor | ɕɨnxana-bé | |
| 195 | cushma | cushma | ʃabuanguanɨ-xuá | |
| 196 | ear ornament | orejera, arete | wamatsaxonjanɨ́-ʃa | |
| 197 | mask | máscara | xobɨ́tsanɨ-ɕe | |
| 198 | healer, shaman | curandero | tatɕmbuá, jobá | |
| 199 | chief | cacique, curaca, capitán | utabná, mandádo | Spanish loanword |
| 200 | I, me, my | yo, mí usted | átɕe | |
| 201 | you (singular) | usted | áka | |
| 202 | he | él | tʃá | |
| 203 | she | ella | tʃá | |
| 204 | we inclusive | nosotros inclusivo | bɨ́nga | |
| 206 | you plural | ustedes | tɕingabtánga | |
| 207 | they | ellos | tʃɨ́nga | |
| 208 | my hand | mi mano | átɕ-be kukuá-tɕe | |
| 209 | your (sg.) hand | tu mano | ák-be kukuá-tɕe | |
| 210 | his hand | su mano | tʃá-be kukuá-tɕe | |
| 211 | our hands | nuestras manos | bɨng-be kukuá-tɕe | |
| 213 | their hands | sus manos (de ellos) | tʃɨ́ng-be kukuátɕe | |
| 214 | my bow | mi arco | átɕ-be arkú-bxa | Spanish loanword |
| 215 | your bow | tu arco | ák-be arkú-bxa | |
| 216 | his bow | su arco (de él) | tsá-be arkú-bxa | |
| 217 | our bow | nuestro arco | bɨ́ng-be arkú-bxa | |
| 219 | their bow | su arco (de ellos) | tʃɨ́ng-be arkú-bxa | |
| 220 | big | grande | bɨ́ts | |
| 221 | small, little | pequeño | báse, bíntʃe | |
| 222 | cold | frío | ʃék-bana | |
| 223 | hot | caliente | ntɕníɲe | |
| 224 | good | bueno | tɕábe, tɕabá | |
| 225 | bad | malo | baká, bákna sóje | |
| 226 | white | blanco | bxántse | |
| 227 | black | negro | btsénga | |
| 228 | go! | vaya, ve! | m-ó-tsa | |
| 229 | come! | ven! | m-á-bo | |
| 230 | eat! | come! | m-ó-se | |
| 231 | drink! | bebe! | m-o-bɕé | |
| 232 | sleep! | duerme! | m-o-tsámana | |
| 233 | crown of head | corona | tʃinʃ-óka | |
| 234 | front teeth, incisors | dientes delanteros incisivos | btɨɕá-ɕe | |
| 236 | long hair | pelo largo | bɨ́n stxɨná-ʃe | |
| 237 | the neck region | garganta y cuello | bexɨ́ngua-xa | |
| 238 | Adam’s apple | nuez de la garganta | tamoɕtxon-bé | |
| 239 | upper back | espalda, parte superior | stɨtɕá-xa | |
| 241 | wrist | muñeca | ʃɨmia-bé | |
| 242 | lower leg | pierna inferior | ɕɨbxá-tɕe | |
| 243 | body hair | el pelo del cuerpo | bobo-ʃɨ́-xa | |
| 244 | stomach | estómago | wabsbiá | |
| 245 | intestines | intestinos | tʃuntʃuljɨ-xua-ngá | |
| 246 | old woman | viejita | wela-xéma | |
| 247 | clouds at rest | nubes quietas | xantɕetɨ́-ʃe | |
| 249 | cultivated clearing | roza, sementera de maíz | taɕxá-ɲe | |
| 250 | stream | quebrada | báse béxa-je | |
| 251 | pebbles | piedrecillas | ndɨtɕmé-ʃe | |
| 252 | huge rocks | rocas grandes | peɲí-ɕe | Spanish loanword |
| 253 | path, trail | camino, sendero, trocha | axʃatʃnɨxní-ɲe | |
| 255 | shelter | rancho | tambo-téma | |
| 256 | this | este | kém | |
| 257 | that | eso, ese, aquel | tʃɨ́ | |
| 258 | who | quién | ndá, ndmuá | |
| 259 | what | que | ndajá | |
| 260 | not | no | ndóɲe | |
| 261 | all | todos | njćtska | |
| 262 | many | muchos | bɨtská, bá, bá-nga | |
| 263 | long | largo | bɨ́n | |
| 264 | bark | corteza | xubobá-ʃe | |
| 265 | flesh | carne | mɨntɕéna | |
| 267 | grease, animal fat | grasa | minjiká | Spanish loanword |
| 268 | egg | huevo | ʃɨmnɨ-bé | |
| 269 | horn | cuerno | tsɨtxoní-ɕe | |
| 270 | feather | pluma | plumɨ-bxuá | Spanish loanword |
| 271 | elaw, nail | uña, garra | ngétsebia-ɕe | |
| 272 | belly | barriga | wabsbiá | |
| 273 | liver | hígado | bekotʃká | |
| 274 | drink | beber | xatmuána, xobɕiána | |
| 275 | eat | comer | xasána | |
| 276 | bite | morder | xaxantsána | |
| 277 | see | ver | xinjána | |
| 278 | hear | oir | xowenána | |
| 279 | know | saber | xtsetatɕmbuána | |
| 280 | sleep | dormir | xómanana | |
| 281 | die | morir | xóbanana | |
| 282 | kill | matar | xóbana | |
| 283 | swim (not bathe) | nadar | xatʃbabána | |
| 284 | fly | volar | xongébxuana | |
| 285 | walk | andar | xtsanána | |
| 286 | come | venir | xabána | |
| 287 | lie down | acostarse | xtsexáxonana | |
| 288 | sit down | sentarse | xotbemána | |
| 289 | stand | ponerse en pie, de pie | xotsajána | |
| 290 | give | dar | xatɕetajána | |
| 291 | say | decir | xajanána | |
| 292 | burn | quemar, arder | xtsejiɲána | |
| 293 | mountain | montaña | xáɲe | |
| 294 | red | rojo | buángana | |
| 295 | green | verde | ngɨ́bʃna | |
| 296 | yellow | amarillo | tsɨɕijána | |
| 297 | full | lleno | xútxena | |
| 298 | new | nuevo | tsɨ́m | |
| 299 | round | redondo | -bé | |
| 300 | dry | seco | boxóxo, buaʃána | |
| 301 | name | nombre | wabáina | |
| 302 | how | cómo | ntɕámo | |
| 303 | when | cuándo | ntséko, ntséko ora | |
| 304 | where | donde | ndm-óka, ndaj-éntɕe | |
| 305 | here | aquí | mu-éntɕe | |
| 306 | there | allí | tʃ-éntɕe | |
| 307 | other | otro | ínje, injá | |
| 308 | few | poco | batɕá, básebta | |
| 309 | fog | neblina | xantɕetɨ́-ʃe | |
| 310 | flow | fluir | xtsobuána | |
| 311 | sea | mar | már béxa-je | |
| 312 | wet | mojado | btʃékuana | |
| 313 | wash | lavar | xáxabiana | |
| 314 | worm | gusano | tsɨkɨmiána | |
| 315 | wing | ala | xuatɨngmiá-ʃa | |
| 316 | fur | piel peluda | bobo-ʃá, bobó-ʃe | |
| 317 | navel | ombligo | wamɨʃtɨtɨ́-ɕa | |
| 318 | saliva | saliva | jebuá-je | |
| 319 | milk | leche | létɕi-je | Spanish loanword |
| 320 | with | con | -ka, -btaka | |
| 321 | in | en | -óka, -íɲe, -éntɕe | |
| 322 | at | en, lugar definido | -óka | |
| 323 | if | si | -se, -sna | |
| 324 | ice | hielo | jélo | Spanish loanword |
| 326 | freeze | helarse | xtseʃekbána | |
| 327 | child | niño | báse-tema | |
| 328 | dark | oscuro | ibéta | |
| 329 | cut | cortar | kutʃú-j | |
| 330 | wide | ancho | tɨntɕá | |
| 331 | narrow | estrecho, angosto | báse tɨntɕá | |
| 332 | far | lejos | bɨn-óka | |
| 333 | near | cerca | béko-ɲe | |
| 334 | thick | grueso | xoʃá | |
| 335 | thin | delgado | báse xoʃá | |
| 336 | short | corto | béko | |
| 337 | heavy | pesado | teʃut-, úta | |
| 338 | dull | embotado | ndɨ-ngmɨtʃɨ́-bxa | |
| 339 | sharp | afilado | bɕá-xa, ngmitʃɨ́-bxa | |
| 340 | dirty | sucio | tsénga, tsengá | |
| 341 | rotten | podrido | xanguána | |
| 342 | smooth | liso | bɨngɨnjána | |
| 343 | straight | recto | nderítʃe | |
| 344 | correct | correcto | tɕabá | |
| 345 | left | izquierdo | waɲikuaj-ói-ka | |
| 346 | right | derecho | katʃbi-ói-ka | |
| 347 | old | viejo | tángua | |
| 348 | rub | frotar | xanɨtxuána | |
| 349 | pull | jalar, arrastrar | xuasxanána | |
| 350 | push | empujar | xatsɨntɕána | |
| 351 | throw | botar, tirar | xutɕenána | |
| 352 | hit | golpear | xuénanana | |
| 353 | split | hender | xaʃtɨtɕána | |
| 354 | pierce | punzar, chuzar | xangɨsɨtxuána | |
| 355 | dig | cavar | xaxutxuána | |
| 356 | tie | atar | xabátsikana | |
| 357 | sew | coser | xuaxonajána | |
| 358 | fall | caer | xotsatɕána | |
| 359 | swell | hinchar | xabʃatʃána | |
| 360 | think | pensar | xenóxuabojana | |
| 361 | sing | cantar | xabérsiana | Spanish loanword |
| 362 | smell | oler | xongɨtsetɕiána | |
| 363 | vomit | vomitar | xáʃkonana | |
| 364 | suck | chupar | xobkuakuajána | |
| 365 | blow | soplar | xangowána | |
| 366 | fear | temer | xtsawatxána | |
| 367 | tighten, squeeze | apretar, exprimir | xatɨbána | |
| 368 | hold | sostener | xotbajána | |
| 369 | down | abajo | tsɨtx-óka | |
| 370 | up | arriba | tsbanán-oka | |
| 371 | ripe | maduro | bótʃena | |
| 372 | dust | polvo | polbɨ́-ʃe | Spanish loanword |
| 373 | alive | vivo | ainá | |
| 374 | rope | cuerda | biá-xa | |
| 375 | year | año | wáta |
Primary language families | |||||
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| Africa |
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| Eurasia (Europe and Asia) |
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| New Guinea and the Pacific |
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| Mesoamerica |
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| See also |
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Indigenous language families and isolates of South America (based on Campbell 2012 classification) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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| Language families and isolates |
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