lingvo.wikisort.org - Language
Warao (also known as Guarauno, Guarao, Warrau) is the native language of the Warao people. A language isolate, it is spoken by about 33,000 people primarily in northern Venezuela, Guyana and Suriname. It is notable for its unusual object–subject–verb word order.[2] The 2015 Venezuelan film Gone with the River was spoken in Warao.[3]
| Warao | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Venezuela, Guyana, Suriname |
| Ethnicity | Warao |
Native speakers | 32,800 (2005–2011)[1] |
Language family | Language isolate or Waroid |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | wba |
| Glottolog | wara1303 |
| ELP | Warao |
 | |
Classification
Warao appears to be a language isolate, unrelated to any recorded language in the region or elsewhere.[4] Terrence Kaufman (1994) included it in his hypothetical Macro-Paezan family, but the necessary supporting work was never done.[5] Julian Granberry connected many of the grammatical forms, including nominal and verbal suffixes, of Warao to the Timucua language of North Florida, also a language isolate.[6] However, he has also derived Timucua morphemes from Muskogean, Chibchan, Paezan, Arawakan, and other Amazonian languages, suggesting multi-language creolization as a possible explanation for these similarities.[5]
Waroid hypothesis
Granberry also finds "Waroid" vocabulary items in Guajiro (from toponymic evidence it seems that the Warao or a related people once occupied Goajiro country) and in Taino (nuçay or nozay [nosái] "gold" in Ciboney — cf. Warao naséi símo "gold" (lit. "yellow pebble") — and duho "ceremonial stool" in Classic Taino — cf. Warao duhu "sit, stool"). Granberry & Vescelius (2004) note that toponymic evidence suggests that the pre-Taino Macorix language of Hispaniola and the Guanahatabey language of Cuba may have been Waroid languages as well.
Language contact
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Cariban, Arutani, Máku, and Sape language families due to contact within an earlier Guiana Highlands interaction sphere.[7]
Demographics
The language had an estimated 28,100 speakers in Venezuela as of 2007. The Warao people live chiefly in the Orinoco Delta region of northeastern Venezuela, with smaller communities in southwestern Trinidad (Trinidad and Tobago), western Guyana and Suriname.[8] The language is considered endangered by UNESCO.[9]
Varieties
Loukotka (1968) lists these varieties:[10]
- Guanoco - spoken on the Laguna de Asfalto, state of Monagas (unattested)
- Chaguan - spoken in the Orinoco Delta on the Manamo branch (unattested)
- Mariusa - spoken in the same region on the Cocuina and Macareo branches
- Waikeri (Guaiqueri)
- Chaguan
- Mariusa
Grammar
The language's basic word order has been analyzed as object–subject–verb, a very rare word order among nominative–accusative languages such as Warao.[12]
Phonology
The Warao consonant inventory is small, but not quite as small as many other South American inventories. It does not contain any notable exotica.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | |||||
| Plosive | p | t | k | kʷ | ||
| Fricative | s | h | ||||
| Nasal | m | n | ||||
| Tap | ɾ | |||||
| Approximant | j | w | ||||
[b] and [d, ɺ] are allophones of /p/ and /ɾ/. There are five oral vowels /a, ɛ, i, ɔ, u/ and five nasal vowels /ã, ẽ, ĩ, õ, ũ/. /u/ after /k/ within the beginning of words has a sound as [ɨ].[13]
Vocabulary
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items for Uarao (Warao) and Mariusa.[10]
gloss Uarao Mariusa one isaka xisaka two manámo manamo three dianamu dixamo head akua naxoto eye kamu mu tooth kai i man nibora water ho xo fire hekono xeunu sun yá xokoxi manioc aru aru jaguar tobe tobe house xanóko ubanoko
References
- Warao at Ethnologue (19th ed., 2016)
- "Warao". www.jorojokowarao.de. Retrieved 2013-09-22.
- Vargas, Andrew S. (10 September 2015). "Venezuela's First Film Shot in the Warao Language Is Chosen as Entry for the Oscars". Remezcla. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- Campbell, Lyle (2012). "Classification of the indigenous languages of South America". In Grondona, Verónica; Campbell, Lyle (eds.). The Indigenous Languages of South America. The World of Linguistics. Vol. 2. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 59–166. ISBN 9783110255133.
- Campbell, Lyle (1997). American Indian Languages - The Historical Linguistics of Native America. Oxford University Press. p. 150. ISBN 0-19-509427-1. Retrieved 16 July 2021.
- Julian Granberry, A Grammar and Dictionary of the Timucua Language, pp. 15-32
- Jolkesky, Marcelo Pinho de Valhery (2016). Estudo arqueo-ecolinguístico das terras tropicais sul-americanas (Ph.D. dissertation) (2 ed.). Brasília: University of Brasília.
- "WARAO: a language of Venezuela", Ethnologue: Languages of the World, 14th Edition, 2000
- "UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in danger". www.unesco.org. Retrieved 2018-03-20.
- Loukotka, Čestmír (1968). Classification of South American Indian languages. Los Angeles: UCLA Latin American Center.
- Mason, John Alden (1950). "The languages of South America". In Steward, Julian (ed.). Handbook of South American Indians. Vol. 6. Washington, D.C., Government Printing Office: Smithsonian Institution, Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 143. pp. 157–317.
- Romero-Figueroa, Andrés (1985). "OSV as the basic order in Warao". Lingua. 66 (2–3): 115–134. doi:10.1016/S0024-3841(85)90281-5.
- Osborn Jr., Henry A. (1966). Warao I: Phonology and Morphophonemics. International Journal of American Linguistics.
Other sources
- Osborn Jr, Henry A. (1966b). "Warao II: Nouns, Relationals, and Demonstratives". International Journal of American Linguistics. 32 (3): 253–261. doi:10.1086/464910. S2CID 144134134.
- Barral, Basilio de. 1979. Diccionario Warao-Castellano, Castellano-Warao. Caracas: UCAB
- Figeroa, Andrés Romero. 1997. A Reference Grammar of Warao. München, Newcastle: Lincom
- Ponce, Peter. 2004. Diccionario Español - Warao. Fundación Turismo de Pedernales.
- Vaquero, Antonio. 1965. Idioma Warao. Morfología, sintaxis, literatura. Estudios Venezolanos Indígenas. Caracas.
- Wilbert, Johannes. 1964. Warao Oral Litrerature. Instituto Caribe de Antropología y Sociología. Fundación La Salle de Ciencias Naturales. Monograph no 9 Caracas: Editorial Sucre.
- Wilbert, Johannes. 1969. Textos Folklóricos de los Indios Warao. Los Angeles: Latin American Center. University of California. Latin American Studies Vol. 12.
External links
На других языках
[de] Warao (Sprache)
Das Warao ist eine indigene Sprache Südamerikas, die im Orinoko-Delta und den angrenzenden Gebieten Nordost-Venezuelas und Guyanas von den Warao gesprochen wird. Die Sprecher des Warao sind die Ureinwohner des Deltas und besiedeln die Gegend seit mindestens 9.000 Jahren.- [en] Warao language
[es] Idioma warao
El idioma warao es una lengua aislada hablada por la etnia indígena de los waraos en el Delta del Orinoco (Delta Amacuro), algunas zonas del estado Monagas y el sureste del estado Sucre, así como algunas áreas en Guyana y un enclave en Surinam.[5] Alexander von Humboldt escribió en sus Viajes a las Regiones Equinocciales que los indios guaiqueríes decían tener un idioma emparentado con el warao.[it] Lingua warao
Il warao è una lingua parlata dal popolo warao, stanziato soprattutto nel delta dell'Orinoco, in Venezuela e nel nord della Guyana. Il warao è una lingua isolata, e non sembra essere imparentata nemmeno con le lingue arawak, parlate nelle vicinanze. Al momento sono stimati all'incirca 30 000 locutori, e gode dello statuto di lingua minoritaria in Venezuela. Circa il 90% dei warao venezuelani parla questa lingua come lingua madre, e circa la metà di loro è anche bilingue spagnolo. I warao che vivono in Guyana, invece, sono generalmente bilingui inglesi.[ru] Варао (язык)
Варáо — изолированный индейский язык, распространённый среди народа варао в дельте реки Ориноко.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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