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Kimbundu, a Bantu language which has sometimes been called Mbundu [2] or 'North Mbundu' ^{[citation needed]} (see Umbundu), is the second-most-widely-spoken Bantu language in Angola.

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Kimbundu
North Mbundu
Native to	Angola
Region	Luanda Province, Bengo Province , Malanje Province
Ethnicity	Ambundu
Native speakers	2.1 million (2014)
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu (Zone H) Kimbundu languages (H.20) Kimbundu
Dialects	Kimbundu proper (Ngola) Mbamba (Njinga)
Official status
Official language in	Angola ("National language")
Language codes
ISO 639-2	kmb
ISO 639-3	kmb
Glottolog	kimb1241
Guthrie code	H.21[1]

Its speakers are concentrated in the north-west of the country, notably in the Luanda, Bengo, Malanje and the Cuanza Norte provinces. It is spoken by the Ambundu.[3]

Northern Mbundu
Person	Mumbundu
People	Ambundu or Akwambundu
Language	Kimbundu
Country	Ndongo and Matamba

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Stop	plain	p	t			k
	voiced	b
	prenasalized	ᵐb	ⁿd			(ᵑɡ)
Fricative	voiceless	f		s	ʃ		h
	voiced	v		z	ʒ
	prenasalized	ᶬv		ⁿz	ⁿʒ
Nasal		m	n		(ɲ)	ŋ
Approximant		w		l	j

Allophones:

[ɸ] and [β] are allophones of /p/ and /b/, respectively, before /a/ and /u/. The phoneme /l/ is phonetically a flap [ɾ], a voiced plosive [d] or its palatalized version [dʲ] when before the front high vowel /i/. In the same way, the alveolars /s/, /z/ and /n/ are palatalized to [ʃ], [ʒ] and [ɲ], respectively, before [i]. There may be an epenthesis of [g] after /ŋ/ in word medial positions, thus creating a phonetic cluster [ŋg] in a process of fortition.

There is long distance nasal harmony, in which /l/ is realized as [n] if the previous morphemes contain /m/ or /n/, but not prenasalized stops.

Vowels

	Front	Back
Close	i	u
Mid	e	o
Open	a

There are two contrasting tones: a high (á) and a low tone (à). There is also a downstep in cases of tonal sandhi.

Vowel harmony

There is vowel harmony in two groups (the high vowels /i, u/ and the mid and low vowels /e, o, a/) that applies only for verbal morphology. In some morphemes, vowels may be consistently deleted to avoid a hiatus.[4]

Loans

European Portuguese

There is a small number of words of Kimbundu origin and many of those are indirect loans, borrowed via Angolan Portuguese.

The examples generally understood by most or all speakers of Angolan and European Portuguese include

bué (pronounced [bwɛ], "very, a lot"),[5]

cota ([ˈkɔtɐ], "old person"[6])

bazar ([bɐˈzaɾ])

mambo ([ˈmɐ̃bu])

guita ([ˈgitɐ], "money"[7])

beca ([ˈbɛkɐ])

wi ("man, dude"[8])

fixe ("cool"),[9] bué da fixe and muitá fixó[10] ("excellent").[9][11]

Conjugation

Personal pronouns	Translation
Eme	I
Eie / Eye	You
Muene	He or she
Etu	We
Enu	You
Ene	They

Conjugating the verb to be (kuala; also kukala in Kimbundu) in the present:[12]

Eme ngala	I am
Eie uala / Eye uala / Eie wala / Eye wala	You are
Muene uala / Muene wala	He or she is
Etu tuala / Etu twala	We are
Enu nuala / Enu nwala	You are
Ene ala	They are

Conjugating the verb to have (kuala ni; also kukala ni in Kimbundu) in the present :

Eme ngala ni	I have
Eie / Eye uala ni	You have
Muene uala ni	He or she has
Etu tuala ni	We have
Enu nuala ni	You have
Ene ala ni	They have

References

External links

• The art of the language of Angola, author Father Pedro Dias, published in 1697
• Emuseum article on Kimbundu
• PanAfrican L10n page on Kimbundu
• Kimbundu people
• Ethnic groups of Angola

На других языках

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[de] Kimbundu

Kimbundu (manchmal unzulänglich als Mbundu oder Luanda Mbundu bezeichnet) ist eine in Nord-Angola beheimatete Bantusprache, gesprochen von den Ambundu, die etwa 25 % der Bevölkerung Angolas ausmachen.

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- [en] Kimbundu

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[es] Kimbundu

El quimbundo o kimbundu es un idioma que se habla en Angola, principalmente en las provincias de Luanda, Bengo y Malanje.[3] En la actualidad la hablan como primera o segunda lengua más de tres millones de personas, pertenecientes a la etnia de los ambundu (o mbundu del Norte).

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[fr] Kimbundu

Le kimbundu (parfois aussi écrit kimboundou), parlé par les Mbundu, est une langue d'Angola, parlée dans les régions de Luanda, Bengo et Malange. Elle fait partie de la famille des langues bantoues. Elle est parlée à la maison par 2 millions d'Angolais selon le recensement du pays de 2014[1].

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[ru] Северный мбунду

Се́верный мбу́нду (кимбу́нду, донго) — язык группы банту, распространённый в Анголе и отчасти в ДРК и Замбии. Северный мбунду не следует путать с южным мбунду (умбунду) — другим языком банту, распространённым в Анголе, но относящимся к зоне R по классификации Гасри (в то время как северный мбунду относится к зоне H). Также мбунду иногда именуют «донго», и в этом случае его не следует путать с убангийским языком донго[en].

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