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Southern Ndebele (English: /ɛndəˈbiːliː/), also known as Transvaal Ndebele[1] or South Ndebele,[4][5] is an African language belonging to the Nguni group of Bantu languages, spoken by the Ndebele people of South Africa.

This article is about the Ndebele language spoken in South Africa. For the Ndebele language spoken in Zimbabwe, see Northern Ndebele language. For the Ndebele language spoken in Limpopo Province, South Africa, see Sumayela Ndebele language.
Southern Ndebele
Transvaal Ndebele
isiNdebele seSewula
Native toSouth Africa
RegionMpumalanga, Limpopo, Gauteng, North West
Native speakers
1.1 million (2011 census)[1]
1.4 million L2 speakers (2002)[2]
Language family
Niger–Congo?
Writing system
Latin (Ndebele alphabet)
Ndebele Braille
Signed forms
Signed Ndebele
Official status
Official language in
 South Africa
Language codes
ISO 639-1nr – South Ndebele
ISO 639-2nbl – South Ndebele
ISO 639-3nbl – South Ndebele
Glottologsout2808
S.407[3]
Linguasphere99-AUT-fi + 99-AUT-fj
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Geographical distribution of isiNdebele in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks isiNdebele at home. .mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key{column-count:2}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key-wide{column-count:3}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key-narrow{column-count:1}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key>ol{margin-left:1.3em;margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key>ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .thumb .image-key li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}  0–20%  20–40%  40–60%  60–80%  80–100%
Geographical distribution of isiNdebele in South Africa: proportion of the population that speaks isiNdebele at home.
  •   0–20%
  •   20–40%
  •   40–60%
  •   60–80%
  •   80–100%
Geographical distribution of isiNdebele in South Africa: density of isiNdebele home-language speakers.   <1 /km²  1–3 /km²  3–10 /km²  10–30 /km²  30–100 /km²  100–300 /km²  300–1000 /km²  1000–3000 /km²  >3000 /km²
Geographical distribution of isiNdebele in South Africa: density of isiNdebele home-language speakers.
  •   <1 /km²
  •   1–3 /km²
  •   3–10 /km²
  •   10–30 /km²
  •   30–100 /km²
  •   100–300 /km²
  •   300–1000 /km²
  •   1000–3000 /km²
  •   >3000 /km²
Bilingual sign in Afrikaans and Transvaal Ndebele at the Pretoria Art Museum
Bilingual sign in Afrikaans and Transvaal Ndebele at the Pretoria Art Museum

There is also a different language called Northern Ndebele or Northern Transvaal Ndebele also known as isiNdebele seNyakatho or simply siNdebele, spoken in Limpopo in areas such as Polokwane (Bhulungwane), Ga-Rathoka (KaSontronga), Ga-Mashashane, Kalkspruit, Mokopane (Mghumbane), Zebediela (Sebetiela), which is closer to Southern Ndebele.[6]


Overview


The Southern Transvaal Ndebele people's history has been traced back to King Ndebele, King Ndebele fathered King Mkhalangana, King Mkhalangana fathered King Mntungwa (not to be confused with the Khumalo Mntungwa, because he was fathered by Mbulazi), King Mntungwa fathered King Jonono, King Jonono fathered King Nanasi, King Nanasi fathered King Mafana, king Mafana fathered King Mhlanga and Chief Libhoko, King Mhlanga fathered King Musi and Chief Skhube.

Ndebele – Some of his sons were left behind with the Hlubi tribe
Mkhalangana – Some of his sons branched north and formed the Kalanga tribe
Mntungwa – Founder of the amaNtungwa clan
Njonono – He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Jonono is in the Hlubi tribe
Nanasi – He died in Jononoskop near Ladysmith – Surname Nanasi is in the Hlubi tribe
Mafana – He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni)
Mhlanga – He died in Randfontein (Emhlangeni)
Musi – He died in kwaMnyamana (Pretoria)

King Musi's kraal was based at eMhlangeni a place named after his father Mhlanga, the name of the place is currently known as Randfontein (Mohlakeng) and later moved to KwaMnyamana which is now called Emarula or Bon Accord in Pretoria. King Musi was a polygamist and fathered the following sons, Skhosana (Masombuka), Manala (Mbuduma), Ndzundza (Hlungwana), Thombeni (Kekana or Gegana), Sibasa, Mhwaduba (Lekhuleni) and Mphafuli and others.

Southern Transvaal Ndebele is one of the eleven official languages in the Republic of South Africa. The language is a Nguni or Zunda classification (UN) spoken mostly in the Mpumalanga Province, Gauteng, Limpopo and the Northwest.

The expression isikhethu can be loosely translated to mean 'the Southern Ndebele way of doing or saying'. Isikhethu means Southern Ndebele in the same way that sikitsi will mean Swazi and se harona will mean Sotho.

The language has been severely marginalised over the years. Until the formation of the apartheid Southern Ndebele homeland (KwaNdebele), speaking the language publicly was discouraged. Most Southern Transvaal Ndebele speakers preferred Zulu especially because the latter was learned at school. Today the Southern Ndebele speakers, mostly those who are educated still prefer to use Southern Ndebele as home language for their children and will use Southern Ndebele as a language to communicate with other Southern Ndebele speakers.


Phonology



Vowels


Southern Ndebele vowels
Front Back
Close i [i] u [u]
Mid e [e~ɛ] o [o~ɔ]
Open a [a]

Consonants


Southern Ndebele consonants
Labial Alveolar Post-alv./
Palatal		 Velar Glottal
central lateral
Plosive ejective p [pʼ] t [tʼ] k [kʼ]
aspirated ph [pʰ] th [tʰ] kh [kʰ]
devoiced bh [b̥] d [d̥] ɡ [ɡ̊]
prenasal mp [ᵐp] nt [ⁿt] nk [ᵑk]
prenasal (vd.) mb [ᵐb] nd [ⁿd] ng [ᵑɡ]
implosive b [ɓ]
Affricate ejective ts [tsʼ] tl [tɬʼ] tj [tʃʼ] kg [kxʼ]
aspirated tsh [tsʰ] tlh [tɬʰ] tjh [tʃʰ] kgh [kxʰ]
plain dz [dz]
devoiced j [d̥ʒ]
prenasal nj [ᶮdʒ]
Fricative plain f [f] s [s] hl [ɬ] rh [x]
voiced v [v] z [z] dl [ɮ] h [ɦ]
prenasal mf [ᶬf]
prenasal (vd.) mv [ᶬv]
aspirated dlh [ɮʰ]
Nasal m [m] n [n] ny [ɲ] ngh [ŋ]
Liquid r [r] l [l]
Semivowel w [w] y [j]

Consonant sounds nt, nd, k, mf, and mv often result in allophones of [d̥r dr k̬ ɱp̪fʼ ɱb̪v].[7]


Click consonants


Southern Ndebele clicks
Dental Post-
alveolar		 Lateral
voiceless plain c [ᵏǀ] q [ᵏ!] x [ᵏǁ]
aspirated ch [ᵏǀʰ] qh [ᵏ!ʰ]
voiced plain gc [ᶢǀ] gq [ᶢ!]
nasalized nc [ᵑǀ] nq [ᵑ!] nx [ᵑǁ]

Grammar



Nouns


The Southern Ndebele noun consists of two essential parts, the prefix and the stem. Using the prefixes, nouns can be grouped into noun classes, which are numbered consecutively, to ease comparison with other Bantu languages.

The following table gives an overview of Southern Ndebele noun classes, arranged according to singular-plural pairs.

Class Singular Plural
1/2 um(u)-1 aba-, abe-
1a/2a u- abo-
3/4 um(u)-1 imi-
5/6 i-, ili-, ilu- ama-
7/8 is(i)- iz(i)-, iiN-
9/10 iN- iiN-
14 ubu-, ub-, utj-
15 uku-
17 uku-

1 umu- replaces um- before monosyllabic stems, e. g. umuntu (person).


Verbs


Verbs use the following affixes for the subject and the object:

Person/
Class		 Prefix Infix
1st sing. ngi- -ngi-
2nd sing. u- -wu-
1st plur. si- -si-
2nd plur. ni- -ni-
1 u- -m(u)-
2 ba- -ba-
3 u- -m(u)-
4 i- -yi-
5 li- -li-
6 a- -wa-
7 si- -si-
8 zi- -zi-
9 i- -yi-
10 zi- -zi-
14 bu- -bu-
15 ku- -ku-
17 ku- -ku-
reflexive -zi-

Examples


Months in Southern Ndebele

EnglishNorthern Ndebele (Zimbabwe)Southern Ndebele (South Africa)Zulu (South Africa)
JanuaryuZibandlelauTjhirhweniuMasingane
FebruaryuNhlolanjauMhlolanjauNhlolanja
MarchuMbimbithouNtakauNdasa
ApriluMabasauSihlabantanganaUMbasa
MayuNkwekweziuMrhayiliUNhlaba
JuneuNhlangulauMgwengweniUNhlangulana
JulyuNtulikaziuVelabahlinzeuNtulikazi
AugustuNcwabakaziuRhoboyiUNcwaba
SeptemberuMpandulauKhukhulamunguuMandulo
OctoberuMfumfuuSewulauMfumfu
NovemberuLweziuSinyikhabauLwezi
DecemberuMpalakaziuNobayeniuZibandlela

AmaNdebele in Zimbabwe


Zimbabwean Ndebele is part of the Nguni cluster and is therefore very similar to other Nguni languages (such as Zulu, Xhosa and Swati) with which it shares a high level of mutual intelligibility. The South African (or Southern Transvaal Ndebele), while maintaining its Nguni roots, has been influenced by the Sotho languages.[7]


References


  1. Ndebele at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Webb, Vic. 2002. "Language in South Africa: the role of language in national transformation, reconstruction and development." Impact: Studies in language and society, 14:78
  3. Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
  4. "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nbl". ISO 639-2 Registration Authority - Library of Congress. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Name: South Ndebele
  5. "Documentation for ISO 639 identifier: nbl". ISO 639-3 Registration Authority - SIL International. Retrieved 4 July 2017. Name: South Ndebele
  6. Skhosana, Philemon (2010). "The (ama)Ndebele of Africa and their name '(ama)Ndebele'". University of Pretoria – Department of Library Services. University of Pretoria. hdl:2263/17089. Retrieved 24 March 2016.
  7. Skhosana, P.B. (2010) The Linguistic Relationship between Southern and Northern Ndebele, University of Pretoria, DLitt Thesis


Southern Ndebele language test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Software



На других языках

[de] Süd-Ndebele

Süd-Ndebele (Eigenbezeichnung: isiNdebele; auch Transvaal Ndebele oder Nrebele) wird von den etwa 1,48 Millionen (Stand 2015[1]) der über 15-jährigen Ndebele in Südafrika gesprochen,[2] die vor allem in der Region des 1984 gegründeten, ehemaligen Homelands KwaNdebele und in den heutigen südafrikanischen Provinzen Mpumalanga, Gauteng und Limpopo leben. Deren Territorien lagen bis 1994 in der ehemaligen Provinz Transvaal. Weitere 1,4 Millionen Menschen der Region sprechen es als Zweitsprache.[2] Süd-Ndebele ist eine der elf Amtssprachen Südafrikas.
- [en] Southern Ndebele language

[es] Idioma ndebele del sur

El idioma ndebele del sur (o ndebele meridional) (autoglotónimo: isiNdebele) es un idioma africano perteneciente al grupo nguni de las lenguas bantúes, y hablado por los amaNdebele (los ndebele de Sudáfrica). Existen dos dialectos del ndebele del sur en Sudáfrica:

[fr] Ndébélé du Transvaal

Le ndébélé du Transvaal, ou ndébélé du Sud (autonyme : isiNdebele), est une langue bantoue du groupe nguni, parlée par les Ndébélés dans le nord-est de l'Afrique du Sud. Elle est différente du ndébélé du Zimbabwe.

[it] Lingua ndebele del sud

La lingua ndebele del sud, conosciuta anche con i nomi di ndebele del Transvaal (dal nome della provincia sudafricana esistente prima della riforma degli anni novanta), nrebele o nzundza[1] (nome nativo isiNdebele) è una lingua sotho-tswana parlata in Sudafrica.

[ru] Южный ндебеле

Южный Ндебеле (иногда также исиндебеле, ндебеле) — язык группы банту, относящийся к подгруппе нгуни, и распространённый главным образом в Южно-Африканской Республике среди народности ндебеле, один из 11 официальных языков ЮАР.


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