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Sena is a Bantu language spoken in the four provinces of central Mozambique (Zambezi valley): Tete, Sofala, Zambezia and Manica. There were an estimated 900,000 native Sena speakers in Mozambique in 1997, with at least 1.5 million if including those who speak it as a second language. It is one of the Nyasa languages.

Sena
Native to	Mozambique, Malawi
Ethnicity	Sena
Native speakers	1.6 million (2001–2006)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Benue–Congo Southern Bantoid Bantu Nyasa Sena (N40) ? Sena
Dialects	Rue (Barwe) Podzo
Official status
Official language in	Zimbabwe (as 'Chibarwe')
Recognised minority language in	Malawi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: seh – Mozambiquean Sena swk – Malawian Sena bwg – Barwe
Glottolog	nucl1396  Nuclear Sena mala1475  Malawi Sena barw1243  Barwe
Guthrie code	N.44,441 (N.45,46)[2]
Linguasphere	99-AUS-xi incl. varieties 99-AUS-xia...-xic; also 99-AUS-xj (chi-Rue) & 99-AUS-xm (chi-Podzo)

Sena is spoken in several dialects, of which Rue (also called Barwe or Cibalke) and Podzo are divergent. The Sena of Malawi may be a distinct language. Barwe (Chibarwe) has official recognition in Zimbabwe.

Some remarks on Sena tenses can be found in Funnell (2004),[3] Barnes & Funnell (2005)[4] and in Kiso (2012).[5]

Phonology

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Consonants

		Labial	Alveolar		Palato- alveolar	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
			plain	lab.
Nasal		m	n			ɲ	ŋ
Stop	voiceless	p	t				k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ				kʰ
	voiced	b	d				ɡ
	implosive	ɓ	ɗ			(ɗʲ)
Affricate	voiceless	p͡f	t͡s	p͡s	t͡ʃ
	voiced	b͡v	d͡z	b͡z	d͡ʒ
	aspirated				t͡ʃʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s	sʷ	ʃ			h
	voiced	v	z	zʷ	ʒ
Approximant			l			j	w
Trill			r

• Labialized sounds /sʷ, zʷ/ can also be heard as retroflex [ʂ, ʐ] among different speakers.[6]
• /ɗ/ is heard as palatalized [ɗʲ] when followed by a /j/.
• The following sounds occur as prenasalized when after a homorganic nasal; [ᵐp, ᶬf, ᶬp͡f, ⁿt, ⁿs, ᶮt͡ʃ, ᵑk], [ᵐb, ᵐɓ, ᶬv, ᶬb͡v, ⁿd, ⁿɗ, ⁿz, ᶮd͡ʒ, ᵑɡ].[7]

References

На других языках

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- [en] Sena language

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[fr] Sena du Mozambique

Le sena du Mozambique, ou chisena, (autonyme : cisena) est une langue bantoue parlée principalement au Mozambique.

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