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Ronga (XiRonga; sometimes ShiRonga or GiRonga) is a Bantu language of the Tswa–Ronga branch spoken just south of Maputo in Mozambique. It extends a little into South Africa. It has about 650,000 speakers in Mozambique and a further 90,000 in South Africa, with dialects including Konde, Putru and Kalanga.
| Ronga | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Mozambique, South Africa |
Native speakers | 720,000 (2006)[1] |
Language family | Niger–Congo?
|
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | rng |
| Glottolog | rong1268 |
Guthrie code | S.54[2] |
| Linguasphere | 99-AUT-dd |
The Swiss philologist Henri Alexandre Junod seems to have been the first linguist to have studied it, in the late 19th century.
Phonology[3]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | u | |
| Mid | e | o | |
| Open | a |
| Labio-(dental) | Alveolar | Lateral | Post-alveolar | Retroflex | Velar/
Glottal | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | plain | lab. | ||
| Nasal | voiced | m | n | nʷ | ɲ | ɲʷ | ŋʷ | ||||||
| breathy | mʱ | nʱ | nʷʱ | ||||||||||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t | tʷ | k | kʷ | |||||||
| aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | kʰ | kʷʰ | |||||||||
| voiced | b | d | dˡʷ | ɡ | ɡʷ | ||||||||
| breathy | bʱ | dʱ | ɡʱ | ɡʷʱ | |||||||||
| non-pulmonic | ɓ | ɗ | ɡǂ | ||||||||||
| Affricate | voiceless | p̪f | psʷ | ts | tʃ | tʂ | tʂʷ | ||||||
| aspirated | p̪fʰ | psʷʰ | tsʰ | tʃʰ | tʂʰ | ||||||||
| voiced | b̪v | bzʷ | dz | dʒ | dʐ | dʐʷ | |||||||
| breathy | dʒʱ | ||||||||||||
| Fricative | voiceless | f | s | sʷ | ɬ | ɬʷ | ʃ | ʃʷ | |||||
| voiced | v | z | ʒ | ʐ | ʐʷ | ||||||||
| breathy | vʱ | ɦ | |||||||||||
| Sonorant | voiced | r | l | lʷ | j | w | |||||||
| breathy | wʱ | ||||||||||||
Alphabet
Its alphabet is similar to that of Tsonga as provided by Methodist missionaries and Portuguese settlers.
| Letter: | A | B | C | D | E | G | H | I | J | K | L | M | N | Ṅ | O | P | R | S | Ŝ | T | U | V | W | X | Y | Z | Ẑ |
| Value: | a | b~β | tʃ | d | e~ɛ | ɡ | h | i | dʒ | k | l | m | n | ŋ | ɔ~o | p | r | s | ʂ | t | u | v | w | ʃ | j | z | ʐ |
| Letter | A | B | By | Ch | D | E | G | H | Hl | I | J | K | L | Lh | M | N | Nʼ | O | P | Ps | R | S | Sv | Sw | T | U | V | Vh | W | X | Xj | Y | Z | Zv | Zw |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Value | a | b~β | b͡ʐ | tʃ | d | e~ɛ | ɡ | h | ɸ | i | dʒ | k | l | ʎ | m | n | ŋ | ɔ~o | p | p͡ʂ | r | s | ʂ | sʷ | t | u | ʋ | v | w | ʃ | ʒ | j | z | ʐ | zʷ |
Grammar
Ronga is grammatically so close to Tsonga in many ways that census officials have often considered it a dialect; its noun class system is very similar and its verbal forms are almost identical. Its most immediately noticeable difference is a much greater influence from Portuguese, due to being centred near the capital Maputo (formerly Lourenço Marques).
Literature
The first book to be published in Ronga was the Gospel of John translated mainly by Henri Berthoud from the Swiss Romande Mission. It was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1896. Further translation was done by Pierre Loze from Mission Romande (Swiss Romande Mission) and H.L. Bishop (Wesleyan Methodist Missionary Society), assisted by Jeremia Caetano and Efraim Hely. The New Testament was published in 1903, and the whole Bible was published by the British and Foreign Bible Society in 1923.
References
- Ronga at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
- Jouni Filip Maho, 2009. New Updated Guthrie List Online
- "PHOIBLE 2.0 -". phoible.org. Retrieved 2022-06-10.
- "Table from 'I Seminario sobre a Padronizacão da Ortografia de Línguas Moçambicanas'". www.bisharat.net.
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На других языках
[de] Xironga
Xironga (auch XiRonga, Shironga, Gironga) ist eine afrikanische Sprache, die zum Tswa-Ronga-Unterzweig des Südzweiges der Bantusprachen gehört. Die Sprache ist durch ein leicht reduziertes System von acht Nominalklassen gekennzeichnet. Xi bezeichnet die Nominalklasse für Sprachen und Werkzeuge.- [en] Ronga language
[fr] Ronga (langue)
Le ronga ou xironga est une langue parlée principalement au Mozambique dans la région de Maputo, et en Afrique du Sud.[it] Lingua ronga
La lingua ronga (nome nativo xiRonga) è una lingua bantu parlata nell'Africa meridionale, parlata da circa 720.000 persone nella parte meridionale del Mozambico e nel nord del Sudafrica.[2]Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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