Magar Kham language - Language - lingvo.wikisort.org

lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Magar Kham (मगर खाम), also known as Kham, Kham Magar, and Khamkura, is the Sino-Tibetan language variety of the Northern Magar people of Nepal.[1][2][3] The language is situated in the upper elevations of Baglung, East Rukum, and Rolpa districts. Based on census data taken in 2011, the total population of Magar Kham is estimated to be about 69,000 speakers.[4]

Magar Kham
Native to	Nepal
Ethnicity	Magar
Native speakers	69,000 (2011)
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Himalayish Magaric Magar Kham
Writing system	Devanagari
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: `kif` – Eastern Parbate Kham `kgj` – Gamale Kham `kip` – Sheshi Kham `kjl` – Western Parbate Pang
Glottolog	`kham1286`
ELP	Gamale Kham

Coordinates: 28.563229, 82.848238
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Language classification

Magar Kham is a Sino-Tibetan language, and it is classified by David Bradley as “Central Himalayan,” and as being related to Magar and Chepang and more distantly related to the Kiranti languages. George van Driem also classifies Magar Kham as “Para-Kiranti,” emphasizing that Magar Kham, Magar, and Chepang are united more by their differences from the Kiranti cluster than by their similarity to one another.[5][6] Within this cluster, Magar Kham possesses a number of unique grammatical features, and shares only 44% lexical similarity with Magar and 38% with Chepang.[7]

Dialects

Magar Kham speakers generally refer to their dialect using the name of an important village or river in conjunction with the Nepali instrumental suffix [-le] or the genitive suffix [-i]. Thus, it can be said that Magar Kham has as many dialects as there are villages and rivers in their native territory. The table below presents the major dialects of the Magar Kham language as they have been classified by David E. Watters.[7] The ISO 639-3 codes associated with each major dialect are presented in brackets.

Magar Kham varieties

Gamal Kham [kgj]	Sheshi Kham [kip]	Parbate Kham
Ghusbangi Kham Tamali Kham	Jangkoti Kham Tapnangi Kham	Western Parbate Kham [kjl]	Eastern Parbate Kham [kif]
Ghusbangi Kham Tamali Kham	Jangkoti Kham Tapnangi Kham	Maikoti Kham Takale Kham Thabangi Kham Wale Kham	Nisel Kham Bhujel Kham

At the highest level in the table, Kham has been divided into Gamal Kham, Sheshi Kham, and Parbate Kham, which is further divided into Eastern and Western Parbate Kham. As previously stated, these four major dialects are mutually unintelligible and bear unique grammatical innovations indicative of different languages.[8] For this reason, each of these dialects have been given its own ISO 639-3 designation.

Speakers

Based on the census data taken in 2011, the total population of Magar Kham speakers is estimated to be about 69,000 persons.[4] The tables below presents the homeland population estimates by district and by dialect. It is estimated that about 15,000 Magar Kham speakers live in diaspora.

Magar Kham population by district

Province	District	Estimated Population
Gandaki	Baglung	5,000
Lumbini	East Rukum	17,000
Lumbini	Rolpa	29,000

Magar Kham population by dialect/variety

Dialect	ISO 639-3	Estimated Population
Gamal Kham	kgj	5,000
Sheshi Kham	kip	10,000
Eastern Parbate	kif	5,000
Western Parbate	kjl	36,000

Estimates are based on the number of persons registering their mother tongue as either “Magar” or “Kham” within the territory of the northern Magars.

Language vitality

Although their homeland is fairly homogeneous, northern Magars are multilingual.[9][10] The national language of Nepali is spoken confidently by all individuals under 35 years old. In some communities (Sheshi and Eastern Parbate), parents have shifted to speaking Nepali with their children, and the speaker population is gradually decreasing. However, in all of East Rukum and in the Gam river valley of Rolpa, the language is being vigorously transmitted. The Ethnologue has assigned the following EGIDS levels to each variety.

Western Parbate Kham [kjl] - EGIDS level 6a “vigorous”
Eastern Parbate Kham [kif] - EGIDS level 6b “threatened”
Gamal Kham [kjg] - EGIDS level 6a “vigorous”
Sheshi Kham [kip] - EGIDS level 6b “threatened”

The UNESCO Endangered Language Project has classified Gamal Kham as “Vulnerable.”

Phonology

Consonants

Taka dialect of Western Parbate Kham has 22 consonant phonemes while Gamal Kham possesses around 29 to 30 consonant phonemes.[7]

			Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Velar			Glottal
			Bilabial	Alveolar	Lateral	Palatal	Plain	labial–velar		Glottal
Nasal	voiceless		m̥	n̥			ŋ̊
Nasal	voiced		m	n			ŋ
Plosive	voiceless		p	t			k			ʔ
	voiced		b	d			ɡ
	aspirated		pʰ	tʰ			kʰ
Affricate	voiceless			t͡s
	voiced			d͡z
	aspirated			t͡sʰ
Fricative	voiceless			s	ɬ	ç				h
Fricative	voiced			z
Rhotic				ɾ
Approx.	plain				l	j
	labial	voiceless				ɥ̊		ʍ
	labial	voiced				ɥ			w

green phonemes do not occur in Parbate Kham.[7]
the phonemes in Light salmon colour appear in Ghusbang and Sheram[11] dialect. All others appear in every Kham dialect.
The rhotic /ɾ/ is realized as a trill [r] at the end of words. Otherwise, it is a flap.

Vowels

Taka dialect of Western Parbate has 25 vowel phonemes.[7]

	Front					Central			Back
	unrounded			rounded		Central			unrounded			rounded
	short	long	nasal	short	long	short	long	nasal	short	long	nasal	short	long	nasal
Close	i	iː	ĩː	y	yː				ɯ	ɯː	ɯ̃ː	u	uː	ũː
Mid	e	eː	ẽː	ø	øː	ə	əː	ə̃ː				o	oː	õː
Open mid	ɛ
Open						ɐ	ɐː	ɐ̃ː

Light salmon vowels occur in every dialect of Kham.
Breathy vowels
Diphthongs

Tone

See vocal registers.

Writing

Consonants

	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8
Deva.	ज़[12]	झ़	न्ह	म्ह	व़	ह्ल	ह्व	ह्व़
trans.	z	zh	nh	mh	ẏ	hl	hw	hẏ
IPA	z	zV̤	n̥	m̥	ɥ	ɬ	ʍ	ɥ̊

क	ख	ग	घ	ङ
/kə/	/kʰə/	/ɡə/	/ɡə̤/	/ŋə/
च	छ	ज	झ	ञ
/t͡sə/	/t͡sʰə/	/d͡zə/	/d͡zə̤/	/nə/
ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण
/tə/	/tʰə/	/də/	/də̤/	/nə/
त	थ	द	ध	न
/tə/	/tʰə/	/də/	/də̤/	/nə/
प	फ	ब	भ	म
/pə/	/pʰə/	/bə/	/bə̤/	/mə/
य	र	ल	व
/jə/	/rə/	/lə/	/wə/
श	ष	स	ह
/çə/	/sə/	/sə/	/hə/
क्ष	त्र	ज्ञ
/t͡sʰə/	/trə/	/ɡjə/

Vowels

Vowels for Parbate Kham[7]
Devanagari	Roman	IPA
अ	a	ə
आ	ā	ɐ
इ	i	i
इ़	ü	y
ई	ī	iː
उ	u	u
उ़	ï	ɯ
ऊ	ū	uː
ए	e	e, ɛ
ए़	ø	ø
ऐ	ai	əj
ओ	o	o
औ	au	əw
ः	h, ḥ	V̤
ँ	◌̃	◌̃ː
ं	◌̃, ṅ, n, ṇ, ñ	◌̃ː, ŋ, n
ॱ, . °, ॰, ऽ	'	◌ː
ॽ	’	ʔ

Vowels for Gamal Kham

Orthography	अ	आ	इ/ई	उ/ऊ	ए	ऐ	ओ	औ	अं	अः	अँ	ॱअ
Roman	a	ā	i/ī	u/ū	e	ai	o	au	aṃ	aḥ	ã	a'
IPA	ə	ɐ	i	u	e, ɛ	əj	o	əw	ə̃	ə̤	ə̃	əʔ

Reconstruction

Proto-Kham has been reconstructed by Watters (2002). Proto-Kham reconstructions from Watters (2002: 443–456) are given below.[7]

A. Body parts

*r-dzəŋ ~ *b-dzəŋ 'back'
*yep 'back (upper)'
*phuː 'belly'
*dziːh 'blood'
*klaŋ 'body'
*s-rus 'bone'
*nun 'breast'
*sək 'breath'
*r-mehsiŋ 'buttocks'
*r-tso 'cheek'
*r-na 'ear'
*(ba)r-zut 'egg'
*mik 'eye'
*s-ŋa 'face'
*sot 'fat'
*r-sin 'fingernail'
*kəŋ 'foot'
*r-nihl 'gums'
*r-ta 'guts'
*muhl 'hair (body)'
*p-tsem 'hair (head)'
*kut 'hand'
- *r-la 'the under-arm area; side of the body'
*s-r-ŋat 'head'
*s-yiŋ 'heart'
*b-rəhŋ 'horn'
*sya 'animal'
*r-khap 'jawbone'
*kəl 'kidney'
*p-sin 'liver'
*yaːh 'mouth'
*s-məŋ 'mustache'
*r-dehŋ 'neck'
*s-nat 'nose'
*r-dzihs 'piss'
*s-nis 'pus'
*b-rəhm 'rib'
*p-s-til 'saliva'
*kli 'shit'
- *r-kək 'excrement in the intestine of a slaughtered animal'
*s-pum 'shoulder'
*r-sa 'sinew'
*l-kota 'skin'
*r-nahp 'snot'
*r-meh 'tail'
*r-pihl 'tears'
*r-b-yah 'thigh (upper side)'
*p-s-le 'tongue'
*ha-p-sya 'tooth'
*wohs 'vomit'
*hwaŋ 'waist'
*r-mil ~ *s-mil 'wind pipe'
*kər 'wing'

B. Pronouns/kinship terms/nouns referring to humans'

*dahpa 'bachelor'
*za 'child'
*nan 'friend'
*b-re 'husband'
*dahme 'maiden'
*r-min 'name'
*r-mi; *ruː 'person'
- *s-lepa 'man, male human'
- *miːma 'woman, female human' < *mi 'person' + *ma 'female'
*nana 'sister (older)'
*nam 'sister (younger)'
*nəŋ 'thou'
*dzya 'wife'

C. Foodstuff

*bəhres 'bread'
*tsip 'curry'
*r-zəm 'food'
*s-ŋən 'herbs'
*raŋrəi 'millet'
*r-mo 'mushroom'
*hek 'parched grain'
*tuk 'poison'
*(ya)kaŋ 'rice (cooked)'
*plima 'wheat'

D. Animal names or animal products

*səhr 'antelope'
*nim 'bear'
*r-pen 'bedbug'
*b-zin 'bee'
*bwa 'bird'
- *s-puŋ 'chick'
*gəl 'boar (wild)'
*b-s-rut 'bug'
*s-raŋ 'cat'
*har 'cow'
*kaːh 'dog'
*ŋah 'fish'
*tek 'frog'
*ra 'goat'
*r-ta 'horse'
*r-pəti 'leech'
*la 'leopard'
*syar 'louse'
*s-p-yu; *s-p-ya 'monkey'
*srəm 'otter'
*b-rəhŋ 'pheasant'
*wə 'pig'
*bi 'rat'
*luk 'sheep'
*guhl 'snake'
- *daŋ 'python, constricting snake'
*p-s-yap 'squirrel (flying)'
*s-kyar 'woodpecker'
*p-sən 'wool'

E. Natural objects or phenomena; the inanimate landscape; vegetable and mineral kingdoms

*r-plah 'ashes'
*kər 'branch'
*r-pup 'cave'
*la 'day'
- *tshyam 'a certain day'
*b-rih 'dirt'
*r-gəm 'earth'
*rihm 'evening'
*ehŋ 'field'
- *baŋ 'a field, meadow, bowl shaped valley'
*meh 'fire'
*p-set 'fruit'
*tshi 'grass'
*kuŋ 'hole'
*dzəhŋ 'iron'
*s-la 'leaf'
*r-nahm 'low country'
*p-s-ya + *hwot 'moon'
*goŋ 'mountain'
*rik; *mun 'night'
*r-wa 'rain'
*bəih 'river'
*yem 'road'
*s-rin 'root'
*sa + *pik 'salt'
*nup 'set (sun)'
*saŋ 'shadow'
*nəm 'sky'
*mihkut 'smoke' < *meːh 'fire' + *ku 'smoke'
*r-pom 'snow'
*səro 'star'
*r-dzuht 'stick'
*luŋ 'stone'
*nəmi(y) 'sun'
*b-zu 'thorn'
*siŋ 'tree'
*riːh 'water'
- *rihmun 'cooking water' < *riːh 'water' + *mun 'warm'
*rəhm 'weed'

F. Artifacts and social organization

*r-wan 'arrowhead'
*r-wa 'axe'
*r-beh(k) 'basket'
*li 'bow'
*tshəm 'bridge'
*pəsi(-s) 'broom'
*kwa 'cloth'
*yahm 'door'
*b-rihŋ 'drum'
*'gor 'circle'
*muhthap 'hearth' < *muh 'burn' + *thap 'hearth'
*zihm 'house'
- *r-bəŋ 'lower storey of house; cattle byre'
*khor 'knife'
*gur 'load'
*tən 'sleeping mat'
*b-lo 'large bamboo mat'
*tshum 'mortar'
*r-gəp 'a small needle'
*r-khap 'a large needle'
*b-zəhn 'net'
*r-gum 'pillow'
*gohr 'plow'
*b-dza 'pot'
*p-sip 'sheath'
*tsihŋ 'snare'
*gel 'spirit'
*naŋkhar; *nam 'village'
*ehn 'work'
*kum 'yoke'

G. Spatial/directional

*glahŋ 'across'
*chin 'behind'
*khar 'center'
*me 'down'
*s-ŋa 'front'
*thək 'upright'
*a-sniŋ 'year'
- *rta-sniŋ 'last year'
- *pərniŋ 'next year'

H. Numerals and quantifiers

*tə 'one'
*nehs 'two'
*sohm 'three'
*b-zi 'four'
*r-ŋa 'five'

I. Verbs of utterance, body position or function

*sən; *so 'awaken'
*klik 'cry'
*eh 'defecate'
*si 'die'
*b-yi 'fart'
*sas 'laugh'
- *p-s-rat 'to play'
- *b-s-res 'toy, plaything'
*nah 'rest'
*tsuŋ 'sit'
*r-ŋəhl; *em; *ruk ~ *ru-t 'sleep'
- *s-ip 'to put to sleep'
*p-tshis 'sneeze'
*s-paŋ 'speak'
*tsyahŋ 'stand'
*kəlet 'tickle'
*r-dzihs 'urinate'
*who-t 'vomit' < CAUS. of wohs 'to spurt out'
*gəhr 'weep'

J. Verbs of motion

*kles 'arrive'
*rə-t 'bring'
*plu-s 'climb'
*huŋ 'come'
*plu-s 'emerge'
- *s-plu-t 'cause to emerge, expel'
*te-s 'fall'
*s-bur 'fly'
*z-ba 'go'
*b-la 'graze'
*mohŋ 'hide'
*zok 'run'

K. Verbs of emotion, cognition, perception

*r-məŋ 'dream'
*p-tshet 'fear'
*s-meŋ 'forget'
*that 'hear'
- *thas 'to be heard, audible'
*sən 'know'
*r-ses 'something, to know how'
*r-sək 'proud'
*rəhŋ 'see'
- *p-tsyu 'to look'
*s-ŋər; *s-nəm 'smell'
*b-ris 'tingle'

L. Stative verbs with human patients

*məhŋ 'drunk'
*sot 'fat'
*kre 'hunger'
*na 'ill'
*so 'itchy'
*tshaŋ 'pure'
*tsos 'thirst'

M. Stative verbs with non-human patients

*pək 'bad'
*li 'be'
*p-se 'bear fruit'
*s-ta-s 'become'
*ka 'bitter'
*pak 'broken'
*mom 'bud'
*p-set 'bud'
*r-pu-s 'burst'
*zihm; *gim 'cold'
*s-ta 'collapsed'
*s-kluŋ 'detach'
*thəŋ 'dried'
*yək 'full'
*p-tsa 'good'
*s-len 'greasy'
*piŋ 'green'
*gis < *s-lis 'heavy'
*s-gwaŋ 'hole'
*b-rah 'hot'
*wyi 'leak'
*bom 'light'
*s-lo; *b-re 'long'
*dzöhl 'loose'
*mah 'lost'
*s-dem ~ *them 'low'
*khət 'matched'
*sahr 'new'
*gyahm 'red'
*mihn 'ripe'
*tsik 'rotten'
*lum 'round'
*p-tsha 'sharp'
*tun 'short'
*zim 'small'
*b-sir 'sour'
*tuk 'spicy'
*sli-s 'stale'
*b-rehk 'sweet'
*ruhŋ 'thick'
*plek 'thin'
- *wa 'to be thin (esp. of boards)'
*mun 'warm'
*pal 'white'
- *plaŋ 'bright, illuminated'

N. Action verbs with human agent

*s-po 'beat'
*ŋih 'beg'
*kəi 'bite'
*s-mut 'blow'
- *phut 'to blow with bellows'
*r-lap 'bore'
*s-kle(t) 'break'
*hip 'burn'
*r-duhp 'butt'
*ləhŋ 'buy'
- *b-lot 'to lend to someone'
- *b-los 'to borrow'
*guhr 'carry'
*kloh 'catch'
*kwa-t 'clothe'
*r-sat 'comb'
*phin 'cook'
- *mihn 'to cook until done'
- *tso 'to boil'
*kəp 'cover'
*pəl 'cut'
- *kri 'to cut meat'
*p-syah 'dance'
*goh 'dig'
*gəp 'draw water'
*zya 'eat'
- *kəi 'to eat things which require chewing'
*hat 'extract'
*z-dət 'find'
*z-dup 'gather'
*ya 'give'
*p-set 'grind'
*r-guh 'guard'
*tup 'hammer'
*tsho 'herd'
*phok 'husk'
*lut 'insert'
*tak 'install'
*r-then 'kick'
*saht 'kill'
*kek 'ladle'
*b-rihm 'lay wall'
*lep 'lick'
*dzət 'make'
*pek 'milk'
*z-bra-t 'mix'
*pho-t 'open'
*phok 'pay'
*tik 'pick up'
*s-krəp 'pin closed'
*p-tsil 'pinch'
*p-sut 'plug'
*tek 'press'
*dzəhk 'put'
- *nat 'to set down, place'
*ra-s 'release'
*phit 'remove from fire'
*tsep 'ride'
*s-ŋo 'roast'
*b-zu 'rub'
- *p-sil 'to scrub'
*s-lom 'scald'
*sim 'scoop'
*s-pik 'scrape'
- *pur 'to scratch'
*s-nan 'seize'
*p-yet 'sell'
*s-priŋ 'send'
*ruhp 'sew'
*p-yen 'shave'
*gap 'shoot'
*s-tən 'show'
*kok 'skin, peel'
*phyak 'snap'
*tshim 'soak'
*was 'sow seed'
*khəl 'spin wool'
*p-si 'split firewood'
*tser 'squeeze'
*ku 'steal'
- *rok 'to ransack, rummage'
*r-wal 'stir'
*on 'stop'
*sit 'sweep'
*p-sik ~ *p-sis 'teach'
*p-tsit 'tear'
*khya 'throw'
*s-ki 'tie'
*s-to 'trade'
*kil 'twist'
*s-krup 'unfold'
*bohk 'uproot'
*tse 'wash'
- *r-za 'to wash hair'
*rəhk 'weave'
- *rihn 'to set up a loom'
*hul 'whet'

References

Hitchcock, John T. (1966). The Magars of Banyan Hill. New York, NY: Holt, Rinehart and Winston.
Fischer, James F. (1986). Trans-Himalayan traders: Economy, society, and culture in northwest Nepal. Berkeley, CA: University of California.
Oppitz, Michael. (1991). Onkels tochter, keine sonst. Uncle’s Daughter, Nobody Else. Frankfurt am Main: Suhrkamp.
Central Bureau of Statistics. (2014). National population and housing census 2011. Kathmandu: Government of Nepal.
Bradley, David. (1997). “Tibeto-Burman languages and classification.” In Papers in Southeast Asian Linguistics No. 14: Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, edited. by David Bradley, 1-72, Canberra: Australian National University.
van Driem, George. (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An ethnographic handbook of the greater Himalayan region, vol. 2. Leiden: Brill.
Watters, David E.. (2002). A grammar of Kham. Cambridge: Cambridge University. ISBN 0-521-81245-3
Watters, David E.. (1998). The Kham language of west-central Nepal (Takale dialect). Ph.D. dissertation. Eugene, Oregon.
Leman, Joseph D. (2019). “Sociolinguistic Profile of Maikoti Kham: A sociolinguistic study of the Kham language spoken in the area of Maikot village in East Rukum District of Nepal.” Journal of Language Survey Reports. SIL International.
Watters, Stephen. (2018). Linguistic identity and dialect diversity: A conundrum with regard to Magar Kham. Language and identity in multilingual, migrating world. SIL International.
Wilde, Christopher P. (2017-06-01). "A Phonological Comparison of Gamale, Sheram and Ghusbang – Three Kham Varieties". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 10 (1): 67–90. ISSN 1836-6821.
Wilde, Christopher P. (2016). "Gamale Kham phonology revisited, with Devanagari-based orthography and lexicon". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. ISSN 1836-6821.

External links

YouVersion Bible: (Takale dialect) https://my.bible.com/bible/2495/LUK.1.NKham
PDF Bible: (Takale dialect) https://magarkham.org/en/nt-bible
YouTube documentary: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9CNs1KQUPfA
YouTube Channels:

Sheshi Kham test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

Sino-Tibetan branches

Western Himalayas
(Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim)

West Himalayish
Tamangic
Newaric
- Newar
- Baram–Thangmi
Kiranti
Dhimalish
- Dhimal
- Toto
- Lhokpu
Lepcha

Greater Magaric	Magaric Magar Kham Chepangic Chepang Bhujel Raji–Raute Dura Tandrange

Eastern Himalayas
(Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal)

Bodish
- Tibetic
- East Bodish
- Tshangla
- Basum
- Nam?
Gongduk
ʼOle
Tani
Chamdo

Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border

Karbi
Kuki-Chin
Mruic
- Mru
- Hkongso
Pyu
Taman

"Naga"	Ao Angami–Pochuri Meitei Tangkhulic Zeme
Sal	Boro–Garo Konyak Jingpho–Luish

East and Southeast Asia

Sinitic
Bai
Tujia
Nungish
Karenic
Gong
Kathu
Cai–Long
- Caijia
- Longjia
- Luren

Burmo-Qiangic	Qiangic Gyalrongic Ersuic Naic Lolo-Burmese Mondzish Burmish Loloish

Dubious (possible isolates)
(Arunachal)

Greater Siangic	Siangic Koro Milang Idu–Taraon

Proposed groupings

Proto-languages

Proto-Sino-Tibetan
Proto-Tibeto-Burman
Proto-Loloish
Proto-Karenic
Proto-Min

Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches.

Languages of Nepal

Official language

Nepali

Indigenous
languages

Sino-Tibetan

Kiranti	Bahing Bantawa Belhare Chamling Dumi Limbu Sampang Sunwar Thulung Vayu Waling Yakkha
Magaric	Bhujel Chepang Dura Kham Magar
Tamangic	Chantyal Gurung Manang Tamang
Tibetic	Jirel Kagate Kyirong Lepcha Mugomt Naapa Nubri Sherpa Sikkimese Yolmo
Other	Baram Dhimal Kaike Lepcha Newar Raji Raute Thangmi

Indo-Aryan

Sign language

Other

На других языках

[de] Kham-Magar

Kham-Magar (bzw. Kham) ist der Name einer Gruppe von Dialekten, die im mittleren Westen Nepals gesprochen werden, und zwar von den nördlichen Clans der Magar (Budha, Pun, Gharti und Rhoka). Die Sprache Magar wird von den südlichen Clans gesprochen. Nicht zu verwechseln ist die Sprache der nördlichen Magar mit der tibetischen Region Kham. Dort leben die Khampa, deren Sprache als Khams oder Khampa bezeichnet wird.

- [en] Magar Kham language

[fr] Kham (langue)

Le kham est une langue sino-tibétaine parlée au Népal.

Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии

v t e Greater Magaric languages
Magaric	Magar Kham
Chepangic	Chepang Bhujel
Raji-Raute	Raji Raute Rawat
Dura	Dura Tandrange

Language classification

Dialects

Magar Kham varieties

Speakers

Magar Kham population by district

Magar Kham population by dialect/variety

Language vitality

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Tone

Writing

Consonants

Vowels

Vowels for Gamal Kham

Reconstruction

References

Further reading

External links

На других языках

[de] Kham-Magar

[fr] Kham (langue)