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The Lolo-Burmese languages (also Burmic languages) of Burma and Southern China form a coherent branch of the Sino-Tibetan family.

Lolo-Burmese
Geographic distribution	Southern China and Southeast Asia
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Burmo-Qiangic? Lolo-Burmese
Subdivisions	Mondzish Burmish Loloish ? Mruic
Glottolog	lolo1265

External image
Map of the Lolo-Burmese Languages.[1]

Names

Until ca. 1950, the endonym Lolo was written with derogatory characters in Chinese, and for this reason has sometimes been avoided. Shafer (1966–1974) used the term "Burmic" for the Lolo-Burmese languages. The Chinese term is Mian–Yi, after the Chinese name for Burmese and one of several words for Tai, reassigned to replace Lolo by the Chinese government after 1950.[2]

Possible languages

The position of Naxi (Moso) within the family is unclear, and it is often left as a third branch besides Loloish and Burmish. Lama (2012) considers it to be a branch of Loloish, while Guillaume Jacques has suggested that it is a Qiangic language.

The Pyu language that preceded Burmese in Burma is sometimes linked to the Lolo-Burmese family, but there is no good evidence for any particular classification, and it is best left unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.

Löffler (1966) and Bradley (1997) consider the Mru language to be closely related to or part of Lolo-Burmese,[3][4] while Matisoff includes Mruic in the Northeast Indian areal group.[5]

Pai-lang, attested from the 3rd century, is Lolo-Burmese, perhaps Loloish.

External relationships

Guillaume Jacques & Alexis Michaud (2011)[6] argue for a Burmo-Qiangic branch with two primary subbranches, Na-Qiangic (i.e. Naxi-Qiangic) and Lolo-Burmese. Similarly, David Bradley (2008)[7] also proposes an Eastern Tibeto-Burman branch that includes the two subbranches of Burmic (a.k.a. Lolo-Burmese) and Qiangic.

Internal classification

Bradley (1997, quoted in Peiros 1997) gives the following classification for the Lolo-Burmese languages. In later publications, in place of Loloish, David Bradley instead uses the term Ngwi based on a conservative autonym in the Sanie language.[8]

• Lolo-Burmese
  • Mru
  • Core Lolo-Burmese
    • Ugong–Burmish
      • Ugong
      • Burmish
    • Loloish (Ngwi)

Lama (2012), in a study of 36 languages, finds the Mondzish cluster (Mondzi–Maang, Mantsi–Mo'ang) to be divergent. He did not include Mru or Ugong.

• Lolo-Burmese (Niso-Burmic)
  • Mondzish
  • Core Lolo-Burmese
    • Burmish (Burmic)
    • Loloish (Nisoic, Ngwi)

Lama (2012) recognizes 9 unambiguous coherent groups of Lolo-Burmese languages, whereas Bradley considers there to be 5 groups (Burmish, Southern Ngwi, Northern Ngwi, Southeastern Ngwi, and Central Ngwi).

1. Mondzish
2. Burmish
3. Hanoish
4. Lahoish
5. Naxish
6. Nusoish
7. Kazhuoish
8. Lisoish
9. Nisoish

See also

• Proto-Loloish language

References

Bibliography

• Bradley, David (1997). "Tibeto-Burman languages and classification" (PDF). Tibeto-Burman languages of the Himalayas, Papers in South East Asian linguistics. Canberra: Pacific Linguistics. pp. 1–71.
• Bradley, David (2012). "The Characteristics of the Burmic Family of Tibeto-Burman" (PDF). Language and Linguistics. 13 (1): 171–192.
• van Driem, George (2001). Languages of the Himalayas: An Ethnolinguistic Handbook of the Greater Himalayan Region. Brill. ISBN 978-90-04-12062-4.
• Huang, Bufan [黄布凡], ed. (1992). A Tibeto-Burman Lexicon (TBL) [藏缅语族语言词汇]. Beijing: Minzu University Press [中央民族学院出版社].
• Lama, Ziwo Qiu-Fuyuan (2012). Subgrouping of Nisoic (Yi) Languages (PhD thesis). University of Texas at Arlington. hdl:10106/11161.
• Satterthwaite-Phillips, Damian. 2011. Phylogenetic inference of the Tibeto-Burman languages or On the usefulness of lexicostatistics (and "Megalo"-comparison) for the subgrouping of Tibeto-Burman. Ph.D. dissertation, Stanford University.
• Thurgood, Graham (1974). "Lolo–Burmese rhymes". Linguistics of the Tibeto-Burman Area. 1 (1): 98–107. doi:10.15144/LTBA-1.1.98.
• Yunnan Province Geography Gazetteer Committee [云南省地方志编纂委员会] (1998). Yunnan Province Gazetteer, volume 59: ethnic minority languages and orthographies gazetteer [云南省志卷59: 少数民族语言文字志]. Kunming: Yunnan People's Press [云南人民出版社].
• Zangmian yuyin he cihui (ZMYYC) [藏缅语语音和词汇] (1991). Beijing: Social Sciences Press [中国社会科学出版社].

На других языках

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- [en] Lolo-Burmese languages

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[fr] Langues lolo-birmanes

Le groupe lolo-birman est, à l'exception des langues chinoises, la sous-famille la plus importante en nombre de locuteurs du groupe tibéto-birman : 70 millions. Le birman est la plus anciennement attestée, mais certaines langues de cette famille au Yunnan ou au Sichuan, comme le nosu ou nisu en Chine, disposent d'une écriture syllabique.

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[it] Lingue lolo-birmane

Le lingue lolo-birmane sono una branca della famiglia delle lingue sino-tibetane, che contengono circa 500 lingue (gran parte di esse sono minori). La proto-lingua di origine si chiama proto-lolo-birmano (Proto-Lolo-Burmese language) e deriva da una separazione del proto-tibeto-birmano in proto-tibetico e proto-lolo-birmano. Si tratta di un sottogruppo di lingue con caratteristiche ben riconoscibili, per il quale esistono ricostruzioni lessicali scientificamente attendibili. Per questo motivo c'è generalmente accordo tra i linguisti sui criteri che definiscono l'appartenenza di una particolare lingua a questo sottogruppo.

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[ru] Лоло-бирманские языки

Лоло-бирманские языки — крупнейшая ветвь в составе тибето-бирманских языков. Распространены главным образом в Мьянме и КНР (Юньнань, юг Сычуани и запад Гуйчжоу), а также в Таиланде, Лаосе, Вьетнаме и Индии. Общее число говорящих — около 42 млн человек (в том числе около 32 млн человек на бирманском и около 2 млн — на языке носу), что составляет около 2/3 общего числа говорящих на тибето-бирманских языках.

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