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Mundari (Munɖari) is a Munda language of the Austroasiatic language family spoken by the Munda tribes in eastern Indian states of Jharkhand, Odisha and West Bengal. It is closely related to Santali. Mundari Bani,[3] a script specifically to write Mundari, was invented by Rohidas Singh Nag.[4][5] It has also been written in the Devanagari, Odia, Bengali, and Latin writing systems.

Mundari
मुंडारी, মুন্ডারি, ମୁଣ୍ଡାରୀ, 𞓧𞓟𞓨𞓜𞓕𞓣𞓚
'Mundari' in Mundari Bani script
Native to	India, Bangladesh, Nepal
Ethnicity	Munda and Bhumij
Native speakers	1,661,656 (2011 census)[1] 1,061,352 (2001 census)[2]
Language family	Austroasiatic Munda North Kherwarian Mundaric Mundari
Dialects	Hasada Naguri Tamaria Kera Bhumij[lower-alpha 1]
Writing system	Mundari Bani Others: Odia, Devanagari, Bengali, Latin
Official status
Official language in	India Jharkhand (additional)
Language codes
ISO 639-3	unr
Glottolog	mund1320
ELP	Bhumij

History

According to linguist Paul Sidwell (2018), Munda languages probably arrived on coast of Odisha from Indochina about 4000–3500 years ago and spread after Indo-Aryan migration to Odisha.[6]

Historical number of Mundari speaker

Census year	Speaker	±%	Ref.
1971	7,71,253	–	[7]
1981	7,42,739	3.70	[7]
1991	8,61,378	15.97	[7]
2001	10,61,352	23.22%	[7]
2011	11,28,228	6.03%	[7]
2021	–	–

Geographical distribution

Mundari is spoken in the Ranchi, Khunti, Seraikela Kharsawan and West Singhbhum, East Singhbhum district of Jharkhand, and in the Mayurbhanj, Kendujhar, Baleshwar, Sundargarh district of Odisha by at least 1.1 million people.[8] Another 500,000, mainly in Odisha and Assam, are recorded in the census as speaking "Munda," potentially another name for Mundari.

Dialects

Toshiki Osada (2008:99), citing the Encyclopaedia Mundarica (vol. 1, p. 6), lists the following dialects of Mundari, which are spoken mostly in Jharkhand state.

• Hasada ([hasa-daʔ]): east of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
• Naguri ([naguri]): west of the Ranchi-Chaibasa Road
• Tamaria ([tamaɽ-ia]) or Latar: Panchpargana area (Tamar, Bundu, Rahe, Sonahatu, Silli)
• Kera ([keraʔ]): ethnic Oraon who live in the Ranchi city area

Bhumij, listed in many sources as a separate language, may in fact be a variety of the Latar (Tamaria) dialect of Mundari. It is spoken across Jharkhand state and in Mayurbhanj district, Odisha (Anderson 2008:196). There may be around 50,000 Bhumij speakers, although the census records around 27,000.[9]

Phonology

The phonology of Mundari is similar to the surrounding closely related Austroasiatic languages but considerably different from either Indo-Aryan or Dravidian. Perhaps the most foreign phonological influence has been on the vowels. Whereas the branches of Austroasiatic in Southeast Asia are rich in vowel phonemes, Mundari has only five. The consonant inventory of Mundari is similar to other Austroasiatic languages with the exception of retroflex consonants, which seem to appear only in loanwords. (Osada 2008)

Vowels

Mundari has five vowel phonemes. All vowels have long and short as well as nasalized allophones, but neither length nor nasality are contrastive. All vowels in open monosyllables are quantitatively longer than those in closed syllables, and those following nasal consonants or /ɟ/ are nasalized. Vowels preceding or following /ɳ/ are also nasalized.

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e		o
Open		a

Consonants

Mundari's consonant inventory consists of 23 basic phonemes. The Naguri and Kera dialects include aspirated stops as additional phonemes, here enclosed in parentheses.

		Labial	Dental	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n̪	ɳ	ɲ	ŋ
Plosive	voiceless	p	t̪	ʈ	t͡ɕ	k	ʔ
	aspirated	(pʰ)	(t̪ʰ)	(ʈʰ)	(t͡ɕʰ)	(kʰ)
	voiced	b	d̪	ɖ	d͡ʑ	g
Fricative			s̪				h
Approximant		w	l	ɽ	j
Trill			r

Counting

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
मिसा	Missa	Once
बरसा	Birsa	Twice
अपिसा	Apisa	Thrice
उपनुसा	Upnisa	four times
मोंड़ेसा	Mondesa	Five times
तुरिसा	Turisa	Six times
ए'सा	Eh sa	Seven times
इरलसा	Erklsa	Eight Times
अरे-सा	Are sa	Nine times
गेलसा	Gelsa	Ten times
Gel Miyad	...	Eleven
Gel Bariya	...	Twelve
, Apiya	...	Thirteen
, Upuna	...	Fourteen
, Modeya	...	Fifteen
, Turiya	...	Sixteen
, Eya	...	Seventeen
, Iriliya	...	Eighteen
, Areya	...	Nineteen
Mid Hisi	...	Twenty
Hisi Miyad	...	Twenty-one
Mid hisi Gel	...	Thirty
Hisi Gel Miyad	...	Thirty-one
Bar Hisi	...	Forty
Bar Hisi Miyad	...	Forty-one
Bar Hisi Gel	...	Fifty
Aapi Hisi	...	Sixty
Aapi Hisi Gel	...	Seventy
Upun Hisi	...	Eighty
Upun Hisi Gel	...	Ninety
Mid Saaye	...	One hundred
Bar Saaye	...	Two hundred
Mid Hazar	...	One thousand
Mid Lak	...	One lakh

Relations

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
ऐंन्गा	Enga	Mother
आपूम	Apum	Father
हग्गा	Hagga	Brother
मिस्सी	Missi	Sister
गुया	Guya	Sister/brother of sister/brother in law
गतिंग	Gatin	Friend
Hon koda	...	Son
Hon Kudi	...	Daughter

Verb

Mundari	Transliteration	Translation
रिकाएआ	Rikā'ē'ā	Does
ओलेआ	Ol'ē'ā	Write
जगरेआ	Jagor'ē'ā	Talk
पढ़वएआ	Padv'ē'ā	Read
लेलेआ	Lel'ē'ā	Look / see
सेनेआ	Sen'ē'ā	Come along with
नमेआ	Nem'ē'ā	Found
निरेआ	Nir'ē'ā	Run
सबेआ	Sab'ē'ā	Hold
लेका एआ	Leka'ē'ā	Count
मुकाएआ	Muka'ē'ā	Measure
रिका एआ	Rika'ē'ā	Cut
Hedem	...	Sweet
Kete-e	...	Hard
Lebe-e	...	Soft
Singi	...	Sun
Chandu-u	...	Moon
Ipil	...	Stars
Sirma	...	Sky
Ote Dishum	...	Earth
Rimil	...	cloud
Hoyo	...	Air/Wind
Gitil	...	Sands
Dhudi	...	Dust
Losod	...	Muddy
Hodomo	...	Body
Tasad	...	Grass
Daru	...	Tree
Sakam	...	Leaf
Dayir	...	Branches of Tree

Writing system

Mandari is also written in native Mundari Bani, invented in the 1980s by Rohidas Singh Nag.

Notes

References

• Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). 2008. The Munda languages. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.
• Osada Toshiki. 2008. "Mundari". In Anderson, Gregory D.S (ed). The Munda languages, 99–164. Routledge Language Family Series 3.New York: Routledge. ISBN 0-415-32890-X.

8.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundaribani.htm 9.https://omniglot.com/writing/mundari.htm

Further reading

• Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005a. Mundari: the myth of a language without word classes. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 351–390.
• Evans, Nicholas & Toshki Osada. 2005b. Mundari and argumentation in word-class analysis. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 442–457
• Hengeveld, Kees & Jan Rijkhoff. 2005. Mundari as a flexible language. In Linguistic Typology 9.3, pp. 406–431.
• Newberry, J. (2000). North Munda dialects: Mundari, Santali, Bhumia. Victoria, B.C.: J. Newberry. ISBN 0-921599-68-4

Texts

• Johann Hoffmann (1903). Mundari grammar. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
• J. C. Whitley (1873). A Mundári Primer. Bengal Secretariat Press. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
• Carl Gustav Rudolph Eduard Alfred Nottrott (1882). Grammatik der Kolh-Sprache. Gütersloh: Druck von C. Bertelsmann. Retrieved 25 August 2012.
• Four gospels in Mundari. Bible Society. 1881. Retrieved 25 August 2012.

External links

• Mundari Bibliography at Department of Linguistics, University of Osnabrueck, Germany
• Detailed language map of eastern Nepal, see language #68 in green along eastern border
• http://projekt.ht.lu.se/rwaai RWAAI (Repository and Workspace for Austroasiatic Intangible Heritage)
• http://hdl.handle.net/10050/00-0000-0000-0003-A6AA-C@view Mundari language in RWAAI Digital Archive
• https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21031r-mundari.pdf

На других языках

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- [en] Mundari language

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[fr] Mundari

Le mundari est une langue munda, parlée par le peuple aborigène munda essentiellement dans l'État du Jharkhand en Inde.

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[ru] Мундари

Мундари — один из языков Индии, распространён в штате Джаркханд и сопредельных штатах Орисса и Западный Бенгал. Народ, говорящий на этом языке, называется мунда (этим же словом обозначается и группа, к которой принадлежит язык).

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