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The Kuki-Chin languages (also called Kuki-Chin-Mizo,[1] Kukish or South-Central Tibeto-Burman languages) are a branch of 50 or so Sino-Tibetan languages spoken in northeastern India, western Myanmar and southeastern Bangladesh. Most speakers of these languages are known as Mizo in Mizoram and Manipur. Also, as Kukī in Assamese and Bengali and as Chin in Burmese; some also identify as Zomi. Mizo is the most widely spoken of the Kuki-Chin languages.

Kuki-Chin
Kuki-Chin-Mizo, Kukish
Ethnicity	Mizo, Kuki, Zomi, Chin, Naga
Geographic distribution	India, Myanmar, Bangladesh
Linguistic classification	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Burman Central Tibeto-Burman languages Kuki-Chin–Naga Kuki-Chin
Subdivisions	Northwestern Northern Central Maraic Southern Khomic
Glottolog	kuki1246  (Kuki-Chin)

Kuki-Chin is sometimes placed under Kuki-Chin–Naga, a geographical rather than linguistic grouping.

Most Kuki-Chin languages are spoken in and around Chin State, Myanmar, with some languages spoken in Sagaing Division, Magway Region and Rakhine State as well. In Northeast India, many Northern Kuki-Chin languages are also spoken in Mizoram State and Manipur State, India, especially in Churachandpur District, Pherzawl District, Kangpokpi District, Senapati District. Northwestern Kuki-Chin languages are spoken mostly in Chandel District, Manipur.

Kuki-Chin is alternatively called South-Central Trans-Himalayan (or South Central Tibeto-Burman) by Konnerth (2018), because of negative connotations of the term "Kuki-Chin" for many speakers of languages in this group.[2]

Internal classification

The Karbi languages may be closely related to Kuki-Chin, but Thurgood (2003) and van Driem (2011) leave Karbi unclassified within Sino-Tibetan.[3][4]

The Kuki-Chin branches listed below are from VanBik (2009), with the Northwestern branch added from Scott DeLancey, et al. (2015),[5] and the Khomic branch (which has been split off from the Southern branch) from Peterson (2017).[6]

Kuki-Chin

• Central: Mizo (Duhlian), Bawm (Sunthla and Panghawi), Tawr, Hmar, Hakha (Lai/Pawi, Mi-E, Zokhua), Pangkhua, Saihriem, Laizo/Tlaisun, Khualsim, Zanniat, Zahau
• Maraic: Mara (Tlosai {Siaha and Saikao}, Hawthai {Lyvaw, Sizo, and Lochei}, Hlaipao {Zyhno, Heima, and Lialai}), Zophei, Senthang, Zotung (Lungngo, Calthawn, Innmai), Lautu
• Northern: Falam (Hallam, Hauhulh, Simpi, Hualngo, Chorei), Suantak-Vaiphei, Hrangkhol, Zo (Zou), Biate (Bete), Paite, Tedim, Thado (Kuki), Gangte, Simte, Vaiphei, Sizang, Ralte, Ngawn
• Southern: Shö (Asho/Khyang, Chinbon), Thaiphum, Daai (Nitu), Mün, Yindu, Matu, Welaung (Rawngtu), Kaang, Laitu, Rungtu, Songlai, Sumtu
• Khomic: Khumi (Khumi proper and Khumi Awa), Mro, Rengmitca, etc.
• Northwestern (Southern Naga): Monsang, Moyon, Lamkang, Aimol, Anal, Tarao, Koireng (Kolhreng), Chiru, Kom, Chothe, Purum,[6] Kharam,[6]

Darlong and Ranglong are unclassified Kuki-Chin language.

The recently discovered Sorbung language may be mixed language that could classify as either a Kuki-Chin or Tangkhul language (Mortenson & Keogh 2011).[7]

Anu-Hkongso speakers self-identify as ethnic Chin people, although their language is closely related to Mru rather than to Kuki-Chin languages. The Mruic languages constitute a separate Tibeto-Burman branch, and are not part of Kuki-Chin.[6]

VanBik (2009)

Kenneth VanBik's (2009:23) classified the Kuki-Chin languages based on shared sound changes (phonological innovations) from Proto-Kuki-Chin as follows.

Kuki-Chin

• Central: *k(ʰ)r-, *p(ʰ)r- > *t(ʰ)r-; *k(ʰ)l-, *p(ʰ)l- > *t(ʰ)l-; *y- > *z-
  • Pangkhua?
  • Lamtuk Thet: Lamtuk, Ruavan
  • Lai
    • Hakha: Hakha, Thantlang, Zokhua
    • Falam: Bawm, Bualkhaw, Laizo, Lente, Khualsim, Khuangli, Sim, Tlaisun, Zanniat
  • Mizo
    • Mizo: Fanai, Hualngo, Lushai, Khiangte
    • Hmar: Khosak, Thiek, Lawitlang, Khawbung, Darngawn, Lungtau, Leiri
• Maraic: *kr- > *ts-; *-ʔ, *-r, *-l > -Ø; *-p, *-t, *-k > *-ʔ; *θ- > *s-
  • Mara
    • Tlosai
      • Saikao
      • Siaha
    • Hlaipao
      • Heima
      • Lialai
      • Vahapi/Zyhno
    • HawThai
      • Sizo
        • Ngaphepi
        • Sabyu
        • Chapi
      • Lyvaw
        • Lochei
        • Tisih
        • Phybyu
  • Lautu
    • Hnaro
    • Chawngthia
  • Zophei
    • Vytu
    • Sate/Awsa
  • Senthang
    • Khuapi
    • Surkhua
  • Zotung *h- > *f-; *kr- > *r-; *khl- > *kh-, *l-; *c(^h)- > *t(^h)-/*s-; *y- > *z-/*z(^h)-; *w- > *v-
    • Calthawng
    • Innmai
    • Lungngo/Tinpa
• Peripheral: *r- > *g-
  • Northern: *θ- > *ts-; *kl- > *tl-; *-r > *-k
    • Thado/Kuki, Tedim, Khuangsai, Paite Vuite, Chiru
    • Sizang, Guite, Vaiphei, Ralte,
  • Southern (Southern Plains): *-r > *-y
    • Khumi: Khomi, Wakung
    • Cho-Asho
      • Asho
      • Cho: Matu; Chinpon; Daai, Nghmoye, Ngmuun, Mkaang

Peterson (2017)

David A. Peterson's (2017:206)[6] internal classification of the Kuki-Chin languages is as follows.

Kuki-Chin

• Northwestern: Purum (Naga), Koireng, Monsang (Naga), etc.
• Central
  • Core Central
  • Maraic
• Peripheral
  • Northeastern
  • Khomic: Khami/Khumi, Mro-Khimi, Lemi, Rengmitca, etc.
  • Southern
    • Cho
    • Daai
    • Hyow/Asho

Peterson's Northeastern branch corresponds to VanBik's Northern branch, while Peterson's Northwestern corresponds to the Old Kuki branch of earlier classifications.

See also

• Lai languages
• Pau Cin Hau script
• Kuki-Chin Swadesh lists (Wiktionary)

References

Bibliography

Further reading

• Button, Christopher. 2011. Proto Northern Chin. STEDT Monograph 10. ISBN 0-944613-49-7. http://stedt.berkeley.edu/pubs_and_prods/STEDT_Monograph10_Proto-Northern-Chin.pdf
• Hill, Nathan W. (2014). "Proto-Kuki-Chin initials according to Toru Ohno and Kenneth VanBik". Journal of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society. 7: 11–30.
• Lam Thang, Khoi (2001). A Phonological Reconstruction of Proto Chin (PDF) (MA thesis). Chiang Mai: Payap University.
• Mann, Noel, and Wendy Smith. 2008. Chin bibliography. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
• S. Dal Sian Pau. 2014. The comparative study of Proto-Zomi (Kuki-Chin) languages. Lamka, Manipur, India: Zomi Language & Literature Society (ZOLLS). [Comparative word list of Paite, Simte, Thangkhal, Zou, Kom, Paite or Tedim, and Vaiphei]
• Smith, Wendy and Noel Mann. 2009. Chin bibliography with selected annotations. Chiang Mai: Payap University.
• VanBik, Kenneth (2009). Proto-Kuki-Chin: A Reconstructed Ancestor of the Kuki-Chin Languages. STEDT Monograph. Vol. 8. ISBN 0-944613-47-0.

External links

• Tlângsam: Latest News in Hmar language – Mizoram, Manipur, Assam, NE India
• Recent Advances in Kuki-Chin Linguistics

На других языках

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- [en] Kuki-Chin languages

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[fr] Langues kuki-chin

Les langues kuki-chin, également appelées langues mizo-kuki-chin, sont un groupe de langues tibéto-birmanes parlées entre le Mizoram (où l'une d'entre elles est désormais langue officielle), le sud du Manipur, l'État Chin de Birmanie et les Chittagong Hill Tracts au Bangladesh. Elles sont appelées kuki en Inde et chin en Birmanie. Certaines langues sont appelées différemment des deux côtés de la frontière : les Kuki Paithe du Manipur parlent ainsi presque la même langue que les Tiddim Chin de Birmanie.

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[ru] Куки-чинские языки

Куки-чинские языки (языки мизо-куки-чин) — группа языков в составе ветви куки-чин-нага тибето-бирманских языков. Носители этих языков в Мьянме известны как чин, в Индии в основном как куки, но часть идентифицирует себя как нага; отдельной группой считаются мизо. Распространены на смежных территориях северо-восточной Индии (штаты Мизорам, Манипур, южный Ассам), западной Мьянмы (области Чин, частично Ракхайн, Сикайн и Магуэ) и юго-восточного Бангладеш (Читтагонгский горный район).

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