lingvo.wikisort.org - LanguageKyirong is a language from the subgroup of Tibetic languages[1] spoken in the Gyirong County of the Shigatse prefecture, of the Tibetan Autonomous Region.
Tibetic language spoken in Tibet
Kyirong |
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Region | Tibet |
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Native speakers | 100 (2002, Ethnologue) |
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Language family | |
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ISO 639-3 | kgy |
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Glottolog | kyer1238 Kyerung |
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Kyirong has lexical tone, with a three-tone system.[2]
Relationship to other languages
There is a varying degree of mutual intelligibility between Kyirong and other Kyirong-Yolmo varieties. It is most closely related to the Nubri and Gyalsomdo languages,[3] and more distantly related to other languages in the family.[4]
Phonology
Consonants
There are 36 consonants in Kyirong, which are summarized in the table below.[2]
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Bilabial |
Apico-Dental |
Retroflex |
Lamino- post-alveolar |
Palatal |
Velar |
Glottal |
Nasal |
m |
n |
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ɲ |
ŋ |
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Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless |
p |
t |
ts |
ʈ |
tɕ |
c |
k |
|
aspirated |
pʰ |
tʰ |
tsʰ |
ʈʰ |
tɕʰ |
cʰ |
kʰ |
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voiced |
b |
d |
dz |
ɖ |
dʑ |
ɟ |
ɡ |
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Fricative |
voiceless |
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s |
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ɕ |
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h |
voiced |
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z |
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ʑ |
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ɦ |
Liquid |
rhotic |
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r |
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voiced lateral |
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l |
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unvoiced lateral |
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ɬ |
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Semivowel |
w |
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j |
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Vowels
There are eight places of articulation for vowels. There is a length distinction at each place of articulation, as well as a long nasalised vowel.[2]
|
Front |
Central |
Back |
Close |
i iː iː |
y yː yː |
|
u uː uː |
Half-close |
e eː eː |
ø øː øː |
|
ɔ ɔː ɔː |
Half-open |
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ɛ ɛː ɛː |
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Open |
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a aː aː |
Tone
Kyriong has a three tone system; high, medium and low. Low tone is often accompanied by breathy voice.[2]
Sources
- Hedlin, M. (2011). An Investigation of the relationship between the Kyirong, Yòlmo, and Standard Spoken Tibetan speech varieties. Masters thesis, Payap University, Chiang Mai.
- Huber, B. (2005). The Tibetan dialect of Lende (Kyirong). Beiträge zur tibetischen Erzählforschung, 15.
References
- N. Tournadre (2005) "L'aire linguistique tibétaine et ses divers dialectes." Lalies, 2005, n°25, p. 7–56
- Huber, Brigitte (2005). The Tibetan dialect of Lende (Kyirong). Bonn: VGH Wissenschaftsverlag.
- Hedlin, Matthew (2011). An investigation of the relationship between the Kyirong, Yòlmo, and Standard Spoken Tibetan speech varieties (unpublished MA thesis). Payap University, Chiang Mai, Thailand.
- Gawne, Lauren (2013). "Report on the relationship between Yolmo and Kagate". Himalayan Linguistics. 12: 1–27.
Sino-Tibetan branches |
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Western Himalayas (Himachal, Uttarakhand, Nepal, Sikkim) |
- West Himalayish
- Tamangic
- Newaric
- Kiranti
- Dhimalish
- Lepcha
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Eastern Himalayas (Tibet, Bhutan, Arunachal) | |
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Myanmar and Indo-Burmese border | "Naga" |
- Ao
- Angami–Pochuri
- Meitei
- Tangkhulic
- Zeme
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Sal |
- Boro–Garo
- Konyak
- Jingpho–Luish
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East and Southeast Asia | Burmo-Qiangic |
- Qiangic
- Ersuic
- Naic
- Lolo-Burmese
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Dubious (possible isolates) (Arunachal) |
- Hrusish
- Kho-Bwa
- Miju–Meyor
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Proposed groupings |
- Central Tibeto-Burman
- Kuki-Chin–Naga
- Greater Bai
- Mahakiranti
- Rung
- Tibeto-Burman
- Tibeto-Kanauri
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Proto-languages |
- Proto-Sino-Tibetan
- Proto-Tibeto-Burman
- Proto-Loloish
- Proto-Karenic
- Proto-Min
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Italics indicates single languages that are also considered to be separate branches. |
Bodic (Tibeto-Kanauri) languages |
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West Himalayish (Kanauric) | |
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Bodish | Tibetic | Central Tibetan |
- Central Tibetan (Ü-Tsang)
- Standard Tibetan
- Mugom
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Amdo | |
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Kham (Eastern) | |
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Southern | |
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Western | Ladakhi–Balti (Western Archaic) | |
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Lahuli–Spiti (Western Innovative) | |
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Sherpa-Jirel | |
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Kyirong–Kagate | |
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Tshangla-East Bodish | |
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Basum | |
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Tamangic | |
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Languages of Nepal |
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Official language | |
- Nepal portal
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Indigenous languages | Sino-Tibetan | Kiranti | |
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Magaric | |
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Tamangic | |
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Tibetic | |
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Other | |
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Indo-Aryan | |
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Sign language | |
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Other | |
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Languages of China |
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Official | |
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Regional | ARs / SARs | |
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Prefecture | |
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Counties/Banners | numerous |
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Indigenous | Sino-Tibetan languages |
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Lolo- Burmese | Mondzish | |
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Burmish | |
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Loloish | Hanoish | |
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Lisoish | |
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Nisoish | |
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Other | |
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Qiangic | |
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Tibetic | |
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Other | |
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| Other languages |
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Austroasiatic | |
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Hmong-Mien | |
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Mongolic | |
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Kra-Dai | |
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Tungusic | |
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Turkic | |
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Other |
- Sarikoli (Indo-European)
- Tsat (Austronesian)
- Formosan languages (Austronesian)
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Minority | |
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Varieties of Chinese | |
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Creole/Mixed | |
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Extinct | |
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Sign | |
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- GX = Guangxi
- HK = Hong Kong
- MC = Macau
- NM = Inner Mongolia
- XJ = Xinjiang
- XZ = Tibet
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