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Marwari (मारवाड़ी, IAST: Mārwāṛī; also rendered as Marwadi or Marvadi) is a Rajasthani language spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari is also found in the neighbouring states of Gujarat and Haryana, some adjacent areas in Eastern parts of Pakistan, and some migrant communities in Nepal.[3] With some 7.8 million or so speakers (ce. 2011), it is one of the largest varieties of Rajasthani. Most speakers live in Rajasthan, with a quarter-million in Sindh and a tenth of that number in Nepal.[4][5] There are two dozen dialects of Marwari.

Marwari
Pronunciation[mɑɾvɑɽi]
Native toIndia
RegionMarwar
EthnicityMarwari
Native speakers
7.8 million, partial count (2011 census)[1]
(additional speakers counted under Hindi)
Language family
Indo-European
Writing system
Devanagari
Perso-Arabic
Mahajani (historical)
Language codes
ISO 639-2mwr
ISO 639-3mwr – inclusive code
Individual codes:
dhd  Dhundari
rwr  Marwari (India)
mve  Marwari (Pakistan)
wry  Merwari
mtr  Mewari
swv  Shekhawati
GlottologNone
raja1256  scattered in Rajasthani
Dark green indicates primary Marwari-speaking region, light green indicates additional dialect areas who count themselves as Marwari
Rajasthani language and geographical distribution of its dialects
Rajasthani language and geographical distribution of its dialects

Marwari is popularly written in Devanagari script, as are many languages of India and Nepal, including Hindi, Marathi, Nepali, and Sanskrit; although it was historically written in Mahajani, it is still written in the Perso-Arabic script by the Marwari minority in Eastern parts of Pakistan (the standard/western Naskh script variant is used in Sindh Province, and the eastern Nastalik variant is used in Punjab Province), where it has educational status but where it is rapidly shifting to Urdu.[6]

Marwari has no official status in India and is not used as a language of education. Marwari is still spoken widely in Jodhpur, Pali, Jaisalmer, Barmer, Nagaur, Bikaner.


History


It is believed that Marwari and Gujarati evolved from Gujjar Bhakha or Maru-Gurjar.[7] Formal grammar of Gurjar Apabhraṃśa was written by Jain monk and Gujarati scholar Hemachandra Suri.[citation needed]


Geographical distribution


Marwari is primarily spoken in the Indian state of Rajasthan. Marwari speakers have dispersed widely throughout India and other countries but are found most notably in the neighbouring state of Gujarat and in Eastern Pakistan. Speakers are also found in Bhopal. With around 7.9 million speakers in India according to the 2001 census.[8]

There are several dialects: Thaḷī (spoken in eastern Jaisalmer district and northwestern Jodhpur district), Bhitrauti, Sirohī, Godwārī.[9]


Lexis


Indian Marwari [rwr] in Rajasthan shares a 50%–65% lexical similarity with Hindi (this is based on a Swadesh 210 word list comparison). It has many cognate words with Hindi. Notable phonetic correspondences include /s/ in Hindi with /h/ in Marwari. For example, /sona/ 'gold' (Hindi) and /hono/ 'gold' (Marwari).

Pakistani Marwari [mve] shares 87% lexical similarity between its Southern subdialects in Sindh (Utradi, Jaxorati, and Larecha) and Northern subdialects in Punjab (Uganyo, Bhattipo, and Khadali), 79%–83% with Dhakti [mki], and 78% with Meghwar and Bhat Marwari dialects. Mutual intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve] with Indian Marwari [rwr] is decreasing due to the rapid shift of active speakers in Pakistan to Urdu, their use of the Arabic script and different sources of support medias, and their separation from Indian Marwaris, even if there are some educational efforts to keep it active (but absence of official recognition by Pakistani or provincial government level). Many words have been borrowed from other Pakistani languages.[6]

Merwari [wry] shares 82%–97% intelligibility of Pakistani Marwari [mve], with 60%–73% lexical similarity between Merwari varieties in Ajmer and Nagaur districts, but only 58%–80% with Shekhawati [swv], 49%–74% with Indian Marwari [rwr], 44%–70% with Godwari [gdx], 54%–72% with Mewari [mtr], 62%–70% with Dhundari [dhd], 57%–67% with Haroti [hoj]. Unlike Pakistani Marwari [mve], the use of Merwari remains vigorous, even if its most educated speakers also proficiently speak Hindi [hin].[10]


Phonology


Vowels[11]
Front Central Back
Close i u
ɪ ʊ
Mid e ə o
ɛ ɔ
Open ä
Consonants[11]
Labial Dental/
Alveolar
Retroflex Post-alv/
Palatal
Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ ŋ
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t ʈ t͡ɕ k
aspirated ʈʰ t͡ɕʰ
voiced b d ɖ d͡ʑ ɡ
breathy ɖʱ d͡ʑʱ ɡʱ
implosive ɓ ɗ
Fricative s h
Sonorant rhotic r ɽ
lateral w l ɭ j

Morphology


Marwari languages have a structure that is quite similar to Hindustani (Hindi or Urdu).[citation needed] Their primary word order is subject–object–verb[13][14][15][16][17] Most of the pronouns and interrogatives used in Marwari are distinct from those used in Hindi; at least Marwari proper and Harauti have a clusivity distinction in their plural pronouns.[citation needed]


Vocabulary


Marwari vocabulary is somewhat similar to other Western Indo-Aryan languages, especially Rajasthani and Gujarati, however, elements of grammar and basic terminology differ enough to significantly impede mutual intelligibility.


Writing system


Marwari is generally written in the Devanagari script, although the Mahajani script is traditionally associated with the language. In Pakistan it is written in the Perso-Arabic script with modifications. Historical Marwari orthography for Devanagari uses other characters in place of standard Devanagari letters.[18]

Marwari in Devanagari and Perso-Arabic script[19][better source needed]
Devanagari Perso-Arabic Latin IPA
a ə
ā ɑ
ـِ i ɪ
ﺍیِ ī i
ـُ u ʊ
ﺍۇ ū u
اے e e
ﺍو o o
अं ã ə̃
आं ā̃ ɑ̃
इं ĩ ɪ̃
ईं ī̃ ĩ
उं ũ ʊ̃
ऊं ū̃ ũ
एं
ओं õ õ
ک k k
کھ kh
گ g g
گھ gh
چ c t͡ʃ
چھ ch t͡ʃʰ
ج j d͡ʒ
جھ jh d͡ʒʰ
ٹ ʈ
ٹه ṭh ʈʰ
ڈ ɖ
ڈه ḍh ɖʰ
ڏ
ॾ़ ڏه d̤h ᶑʰ
ݨ ɳ
ण़ ݨه ṇh ɳʰ
ت t
تھ th t̪ʰ
د d
ده dh d̪ʰ
ن n n
نھ nh
پ p p
پھ ph
ب b b
بھ bh
ॿ ٻ ɓ
ॿ़ ٻه b̤h ɓʰ
م m m
म़ مھ mh
ےٜٜ y j
ر r ɾ
ड़ رؕ ɽ
ढ़ رؕه r̤h ɽʰ
ज़ ز z z
ॼ़ زه zh
ل l l
ल़ لھ lh
ݪ ɭ

See also



References


  1. "Statement 1: Abstract of speakers' strength of languages and mother tongues - 2011". www.censusindia.gov.in. Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 7 July 2018.
  2. Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
  3. Frawley, William J. (1 May 2003). International Encyclopedia of Linguistics. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-977178-3. Marwari : also called Rajasthani, Merwari, Marvari. 12,963,000 speakers in India and Nepal. In India: Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Punjab, Delhi, Haryana, Uttar Pradesh, throughout India. Dialects are Standard Marwari, Jaipuri, Shekawati, Dhundhari, Bikaneri.
  4. Upreti, Bhuwan Chandra (1999). Indians in Nepal: A Study of Indian Migration to Kathmandu. Kalinga Publications. ISBN 978-81-85163-10-9.
  5. "Marwari Mahotsav 2018". ECS NEPAL. Retrieved 16 June 2022.
  6. "Pakistani Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  7. Ajay Mitra Shastri; R. K. Sharma; Devendra Handa (2005). Revealing India's past: recent trends in art and archaeology. Aryan Books International. p. 227. ISBN 978-81-7305-287-3. It is an established fact that during 10th-11th century.....Interestingly the language was known as the Gujjar Bhakha..
  8. "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in.
  9. Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. pp. 12, 444. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
  10. "Merwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  11. Mukherjee, Kakali (2013). Marwari (Thesis). Linguistic Survey of India LSI Rajasthan.
  12. Gusain, Lakhan. Marwari (PDF).
  13. "Indian Marwari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  14. "Dhundari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  15. "Shekhawati". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  16. "Mewari". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  17. "Haroti". Ethnologue. Retrieved 4 September 2019.
  18. Pandey, Anshuman (23 May 2011). "Proposal to Encode the Marwari Letter DDA for Devanagari" (PDF). Retrieved 6 January 2021.
  19. "Marwari". Omniglot.com. Retrieved 6 January 2021.

Further reading





На других языках


[de] Marwari (Sprache)

Marwari (Mārwāṛī; auch Marwadi, Merwari oder Marvadi; Marwari: मारवाड़ी bzw. مارواڑی) ist ein Dialekt von Rajasthani. Es gibt weltweit über 8 Millionen Sprecher, davon 7,8 Millionen in Indien (Bundesstaat Rajasthan und benachbarte Staaten)[1] und 270.000 in Pakistan.[2]
- [en] Marwari language

[es] Idioma marwari

El idioma marwari (Mārwāṛī मारवाड़ी; también dicho Marvari, Marwadi, Marvadi) es un idioma rayastaní hablado en el estado indio de Rayastán. El marwari también se encuentra en los estados vecinos de Gujarat y Haryana y en Pakistán oriental. Con cerca de 13,2 millones de hablantes (en 1997), es el idioma más hablado por el número de hablantes del subgrupo marwari del idioma rayastaní. Hay 13 millones de hablantes en Rayastán y en el resto, 200 000 en la provincia Sindh de Pakistán. Hay cerca de 23 dialectos del idioma marwari.

[fr] Marwari (langue)

Le marwari (मारवाड़ी Mārwāṛī) est une langue rajasthani parlé principalement dans l’État de Rajasthan en Inde, mais aussi dans le Gujarat, l’Haryana et dans la province de Sindh au Pakistan. Avec environ 13,2 millions de locuteurs en 1997, c’est la langue rajashtani avec le plus grand nombre de locuteurs.

[it] Lingua marwari

La lingua marwari (mārwāṛī; anche marvari, marwadi, marvadi) è una lingua parlata negli stati indiani del Rajasthan e del Haryana ma è diffusa anche nello stato confinante del Gujarat e nel Pakistan orientale. Se ne conosco una ventina di dialetti.

[ru] Марвари

Марвари, Марвади (मारवाड़ी) — индоарийский язык, один из основных диалектов раджастхани, распространён на западе штата Раджастхан в исторической области Марвар (раджастханские округа Джодхпур, Пали, Сирохи, Джалор, Джайсалмер, Чуру, Биканер, Нагаур, Аджмер, Бармер), соседствует с диалектами других исторических областей Раджастана Шекхавати, Мевари, Хадоти, Дхундхари, Багри и др. Выходцы из Марвара (англ.), являясь представителями торговой касты марвари, рассеяны по разным регионам Индии.



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