lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Makhuwa (Emakhuwa; also spelt Makua and Macua) is the primary Bantu language of northern Mozambique. It is spoken by 4 million Makua people, who live north of the Zambezi River, particularly in Nampula Province, which is virtually entirely ethnically Makua.[3] It is the most widely spoken indigenous language of Mozambique.

Makhuwa
Emakuana
Native to	Mozambique, Tanzania, Malawi
Ethnicity	Makua
Native speakers	7.4 million (2006)[1]
Language family	Niger–Congo? Atlantic–Congo Volta-Congo Benue–Congo Bantoid Southern Bantoid Bantu Southern Bantu Makua languages Makhuwa
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Variously: vmw – Central Makhuwa mgh – Makhuwa-Meetto vmk – Makhuwa-Shirima kzn – Kokola llb – Lolo mny – Manyawa vmr – Marenje tke – Takwane xmc – Makhuwa-Marrevone xsq – Makhuwa-Saka
Glottolog	maku1279  Makua–Lomwe; adds Lomwe & Moniga chuw1239  Chuwaboic; adds Chuwabo koko1267  Kokola many1259  Manyawa
Guthrie code	P.31[2]

Apart from the languages in the same group, eMakhuwa is distinguished from other Bantu languages by the loss of consonant + vowel prefixes in favour of e; compare epula, "rain", with Tswana pula.

Long and short vowels distinguish five vowel qualities /i e a o u/, which is unusually sparse for a Bantu language:

• omala - to finish
• omaala - to paste, stick
• omela - to sprout, bud
• omeela - to share out

The consonants are more complex: postalveolar tt and tth exist, both p and ph are used. Both x (English "sh") and h exist while x varies with s. Regionally, there are also θ (the "th" of English "thorn"), ð (the "th" of English "seethe"), z and ng. For instance in eLomwe, to which Makhuwa is closely related, the tt of eMakhuwa is represented by a "ch" as in English "church".[3]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Plosive	voiceless	p	t		ʈ	c	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ		ʈʰ		kʰ
Fricative	voiceless	f		s		ʃ		h
	voiced	v	(θ)~ð	z
Nasal		m		n		ɲ	ŋ
Lateral				l		ʎ
Trill				r
Approximant		w				j

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i iː		u uː
Mid	e eː		o oː
Open		a aː

[3]

Dialects

The names of the dialects vary in different sources. The shibboleth or distinctive variant in the dialects is the treatment of the s:

• eSamgagi dialect: odhiva
• eSangagi dialect: θtiva
• eSaaka dialect: ociva
• eNahara dialect: oziva - all meaning "agreeable, pleasant" [3]

Maho (2009) lists the following dialects:[2]

• Central Makhuwa (3.1 million)
• Meetto (Metto) (1.3 million, including Ruvuma)
• Chirima (Shirima) (1.5 million, including subdialects Kokola, Lolo, Manyawa, Marenje, Takwane)
• Marrevone (Coastal Makhuwa; 460,000 including eNahara)
• eNahara (Naharra)
• eSaka (Saka, 210,000)
• Ruvuma Makhuwa (Tanzanian Makhuwa, including subdialects Imithupi, Ikorovere)

Mutual intelligibility between these is limited. Central Makhuwa ("Makhuwa-Makhuwana") is the basis of the standard language. Ethnologue lists Central Makhuwa, Meetto–Ruvuma, Marrevone–Enahara, and Esaka as separate languages, and Chirima as six languages.

The population figures are from Ethnologue for 2006. They tally 3.1 million speakers of Central Makhuwa and 3.5 million of the other varieties, though the Ethnologue article for Central Makhuwa covers Marrevone and Enahara, so these might be double counted.

Reading material in eMakhuwa

Muluku Onnalavuliha Àn'awe - Ipantte sikosolasiwe sa Biblia ("God speaks to his children" - extracts from the Scriptures for children) Aid to the Church in Need. Edição em Macúa / eMakhuwa) Editorial Verbo Divino, Estella, Navarra, 1997.

References

External links

• Oliver Kröger (2005), Report on a Survey of Coastal Makua Dialects (SIL International)

На других языках

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[de] Makua (Sprache)

Makua (auch: EMakua, Makhuwa, Macua) ist eine im Norden des südostafrikanischen Landes Mosambik beheimatete Bantusprache. Sie ist die Sprache des gleichnamigen Makua-Volkes.

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- [en] Makhuwa language

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[fr] Makua (langue)

Le makua (aussi écrit macua) est une langue bantoue et un continuum de langues parlées au Mozambique, en Tanzanie au Malawi et en Republique du Congo. Presque 6 millions de personnes parlent un de ces dialectes[2].

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[it] Lingua makhuwa

La lingua makhuwa (chiamata anche macua, makua o emakua) è la principale delle lingue bantu del Nord del Mozambico. È parlata da 4 milioni di persone di etnia Macua, che vivono a nord del fiume Zambesi, soprattutto nella provincia di Nampula. È la lingua indigena più parlata in Mozambico.

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[ru] Макуа (язык)

Макуа (макхува) — язык группы банту. Носители — 2,5 млн чел., принадлежат к народности макуа, проживающей на севере реки Замбези в Мозамбике, в особенности в провинции Нампула. Язык является важнейшим туземным языком Мозамбика. Ближайший родственник языка ломве.

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