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The Kodava (Kodava takk, meaning 'speech of Kodavas', in the Kodava language, alternate name: Coorgi, Kodagu) is an endangered[3] Dravidian language and it is spoken in Kodagu district in Southern Karnataka, India. The term Kodava has two related usages. Firstly, it is the name of the Kodava language and culture followed by a number of communities from Kodagu. Secondly, within the Kodava-speaking communities and region (Kodagu), it is a demonym for the dominant Kodava people. Hence, the Kodava language is not only the primary language of the Kodavas but also of many other castes and tribes in Kodagu. The language has two dialects: Mendele (spoken in Northern and Central Kodagu, i.e. outside Kodagu's Kiggat naadu) and Kiggat (spoken in Kiggat naadu, in Southern Kodagu).
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| Kodava | |
|---|---|
| Native to | Karnataka |
| Region | Kodagu |
| Ethnicity | Kodava |
Native speakers | 113,857 (2011 census)[1] |
Language family | Dravidian
|
Writing system | Kannada script |
| Official status | |
| Regulated by | Karnataka Kodava Sahitya Academy |
| Language codes | |
| ISO 639-3 | kfa |
| Glottolog | koda1255 |
| ELP | Kodagu |
 | |
| Part of a series on the |
| Culture of Karnataka |
|---|
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Historically, it has been referred to as a dialect of Centmil, in some Tamil texts the Kodagu language is referred to as Kudakan Tamil.[4] However it has been re-analysed as a language by early 20th century academics. Now it is considered as an intermediate language between Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil, and Tulu in comparative linguistics.[4]
It is traditionally written using the Tirke script which is an abugida. The 2011 Census of India reports 96,918 persons who returned Kodava as their mother tongue and 16,939 for Coorgi/Kodagu, for a total of 113,857 persons who identified one of these languages as their mother tongue.[5]
History
In Kannada, the region was called Kodagu and the people Kodaga. Natively, the people were called Kodava and the land was called Kodavu in the folksongs. Comparative Dravidian studies show that the Kodava language belongs to the South Dravidian language group.[6] [7]
Grammar
The grammar of Kodagu has been systematically studied and documented since at least around 1867 when Captain R.A. Cole published the seminal work An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language.[8]
Phonology
Vowels
Dravidian vowel systems contain five vowel qualities i.e. those usually corresponding to a, e, i, o and u., with a short and long variants for each. However, Kodava has two more: the mid and high (close) back unrounded vowels, with corresponding long variants.[9]
Kodagu has 14 vowels. 7 of these, i, e, ɛ, a, ɑ, o, u, have long equivalents.[10]
| Front | Central | Back | |
|---|---|---|---|
| Close | i | ɨ | u |
| Close-mid | e | ə | o |
| Open | a |
Consonants
Kodava has 25 consonants.
| Bilabial | Dental | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nasal | m | n̪ | ɳ | ɲ | ŋ | |||
| Stop | voiceless | p | t̪ | ʈ | c | k | ||
| voiced | b | d̪ | ɖ | ɟ | g | |||
| Fricative | s | ʂ | ʃ | h | ||||
| Approximant | ʋ | l | ɭ | j | ||||
| Trill | r | |||||||
Kodava and Kannada share a lack of palatalization of word-initial *k-, which is a feature found in the Tamil-Malayalam branch.[12]
Comparisons
Linguistically, Kodava/Kodagu language belongs to the South Dravidian subfamily of the Dravidian family. Further within the South Dravidian subfamily , it belongs to the subgroup Tamil-Malayalam-Kodagu-Kota-Toda.[13] It is closely related to and influenced by Kannada, Malayalam, Tamil and Tulu. A majority of the words are common between Kodava and Beary bashe, a dialect which is a mixture of Tulu and Malayalam spoken by the Beary Muslims and Kodava Thiyyar communities. Kodava is also closely related to the Kasaragod and Kannur dialects of Malayalam, which are in turn related to Beary.
Literature
Family histories, rituals and other records were scripted on palm leaves called Pattole (patt=palm, ole=leaf) by astrologers in the ancient times. When Kodava was written, it was usually with Kannada script, sometimes with minor modifications. The folk songs of the Kodavas, called the Palame (also known as the Balo Patt or Dudi Patt), were orally transmitted across several generations. The language had no significant written literature until the twentieth century. Appachcha Kavi, a playwright, and Nadikerianda Chinnappa, a folk compiler, are the two important poets and writers of the Kodava language. Other important writers in the language were B D Ganapathy and I M Muthanna.
In 2005, after requests from the Kodagu community, German linguist Gerard Cox created a script unique to Kodava called the Coorgi-Cox script. It uses straight lines for 5 vowels, and has circles for diphthongs.[14]
The Pattole Palame, a collection of Kodava folksongs and traditions compiled in the early 1900s by Nadikerianda Chinnappa, was first published in 1924. The most important Kodava literature, it is said to be one of the earliest, if not the earliest, collection of folklore of a community in an Indian language. Nearly two-thirds of the book consists of folksongs that were handed down orally through generations, sung even today during marriage and death ceremonies and during festivals relating to the seasons and in honour of local deities and heroes. Traditionally known as Balo Pat, these songs are sung by four men who beat dudis (drums) as they sing. Kodava folk dances are performed to the beat of many of these songs. The Pattole Palame was written using the Kannada script originally; it has been translated into English by Boverianda Nanjamma and Chinnappa, grandchildren of Nadikerianda Chinnappa, and has been published by Rupa & Co., New Delhi.[15]
Cinema
The Kodava Cinema industry is very small. A few movies portraying the native culture and traditions of the Kodavas have been produced in this language. The first Kodava film 'Nada Mann Nada Kool' was directed by S.R.Rajan and produced in the year 1972.
Words for family members
| Mother | Avvo |
| Father | Appo |
| Grandfather | Ajjo |
| Grandmother | Ajjavo Thaayi |
| Maternal Uncle / Paternal Aunt's husband | Thammaavo / Maavo |
| Maternal Uncle's wife / Paternal Aunt | Maavi / Thammaavi |
| Eldest Paternal Uncle / Eldest Maternal Aunt's husband | Baliappo |
| Eldest Paternal Uncle's wife / Eldest Maternal Aunt | Baliavvo |
| Elder Paternal Uncle / Elder Maternal Aunt's husband | Bojappo |
| Elder Paternal Uncle's wife / Elder Maternal Aunt | Bojavvo |
| Younger Paternal Uncle / Younger Maternal Aunt's husband | Kunjappo |
| Younger Paternal Uncle's wife/ Younger Maternal Aunt | Kunjavvo |
| Youngest Paternal Uncle / Youngest Maternal Aunt's husband | Cheriappo |
| Youngest Paternal Uncle's wife/ Youngest Maternal Aunt | Cheriavvo |
| Father-in-law | Maavo |
| Mother-in-law | Maavi |
| brother-in-law (elder) / cross-cousin (elder, brother) / lineal cousin (elder, sister)'s husband | Baavo |
| sister-in-law (elder)/ cross-cousin (elder, sister) / lineal-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife | Mammo |
| brother (elder) / lineal cousin (elder brother) / cross-cousin (elder, sister)'s husband | Anno / Annaiah |
| sister (elder) / lineal-cousin (elder, sister) / cross-cousin (elder, brother)'s wife | Akko / Akkaiah |
| brother (younger) | Thammanno |
| sister (younger) | Thange |
| Wife | Ponne |
| Husband | Wadiyye |
| Son | Movo |
| Daughter | Mova |
Kodava words
| Kodava | Kannada | Tamil | Malayalam | Tulu | English |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Moodi | Hudugi | Peṇ/Peḍai/Ponnu | Penkutti | Ponnu | Girl |
| Kinha | Huduga | Aan/Peḍiyan/Paiyan/Chiruvan | Aankutti | Aan/Kinni | Boy |
| Po(Singular); Poyi(Plural) | Hogu | Pō(y) | Poyko | Poyi | Go |
| Kanni | Saaru/ganji | Kañji/Kūṭṭu | Chaar | Kajipu | Stew (lentils, vegetables, etc.) |
| Koole | Anna/Koolu | Chōr/Kūḻ | Chor | Nuppu | Cooked Rice |
| Id | Idu | Iḍu/Vai | Ide | Dee | Put |
| Thimbak | Tinnakke | Thinnu/Uṇṇu/Sāppiḍu | Tinnuka/Kazhikkuka | Thinere | To Eat |
| kuLi | snana | kuLi | kuLi | Meela | To Bath |
| Unda? | Unta/ideya? | Uṇḍā?/Irukkuthā? | Undo? | Unda? | Is There? |
| Bappi | Bartini | Va(ruki)ṟēn/Varuvēn | Varam | Barpe | I will Come (Farewell Greeting) |
| Ullo | iddene/ulle | irukkiṟēn/uḷḷēn | Ulle | Ulle | Am There |
| Bandan Ullo | Baruta iddene | Va(ruki)ṟēn | Varunnund | Barond ulle | Am coming |
| Yenene Ulliya? | Hege iddiya? | Eppaḍi/Enneṇdu (uḷḷ-/irukkiṟ-)(-ai/-āi/-īrgaḷ) | Engane und? | Encha ulla/ya? | How are you? |
| Māṅge | Maavu | Māṅgā(y)/Māmpaḻam | Māṅga/Māmpaḻam | Mudi/Kukku | Mango |
| Kaḷḷa | Kaḷla | Kaḷḷan/Kaḷvan/Thiruḍan | Kaḷḷan | Kalva | Thief |
| Suroole /Minyathele | Modalu/Suroonalli | Mudal(il) | Adyam | Suru | First |
| Kere Pamb | Kere Haavu | Chārai Pāmbu | Chēra Pamb | Keri | Rat Snake |
| Mūle | Mūle | Mūlai | Mūla | Mudye/mūle | Corner |
| Āme | Āme | Āmai | Āma | Eme | Tortoise |
| Bēli | Bēli | Vēli | Vēli | Bēli | Fence |
| Bithe/Kuru | Beeja/bitha | Vitthu/Vithai | Vitth/Kuru | Bitth | Seed |
| Bādege | Bādige | Vādakai | Vādaka | Badige | Rent |
| Chaththe | Sante | Chanthai | Chantha | Santhe | Market |
| Ēni | Ēni | Ēṇi | Ēni | Ēni | Ladder |
| Pulunja Puḷi | Hunase Huli | PuLi | PuLi | Punke puli | Tamarind |
| Gaali/Kaath | Gaali | Kāṟṟu/Kāththu | Kaatt | Gaali | Wind |
| Thaari | Kodu/tha | Tharu/Koḍu | Tharu | Koru | give |
| Kaapi | Kaapi | Kaapi | Kaapi | Kaapi | Coffee |
| Paaduvo | Haadu | Paadu | Paaduka | Pada paad | to sing |
Recent developments
Since 2021, the Mangalore University now teaches an MA degree in the Kodava language.[16]
References
- "Census of India Website : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India". censusindia.gov.in. Retrieved 5 July 2018.
- "Dravidian". Ethnologue. Archived from the original on 16 April 2017.
- "Five Languages in Karnataka, Including Tulu Vanishing: Unesco". www.daijiworld.com. Retrieved 18 September 2020.
- Thurston, Edgar (16 June 2011). The Madras Presidency with Mysore, Coorg and the Associated States. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-1-107-60068-3.
- "Census of India 2011" (PDF). Census of India : Office of the Registrar General & Census Commissioner, India. Retrieved 24 January 2020.
- Rajyashree, K S. "Language in India: Kodava speech community - an ethnolinguistic study". www.languageinindia.com. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- "KODAVA THAKK , AN INDEPENDENT LANGUAGE , NOT A DIALECT – Kodavas". Kodavas.in. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
- "Coorg Grammar". 11 August 1867 – via Internet Archive.
- Emeneau, M. B. (1970). "Koḍagu Vowels". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 90 (1): 145–158. doi:10.2307/598436. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 598436.
- "PHOIBLE Online -". phoible.org. Retrieved 26 January 2019.
- The Dravidian languages (Bh. Krishnamurti) (2003), p. 64.
- Emeneau, M. B. (1967). "The South Dravidian Languages". Journal of the American Oriental Society. 87 (4): 365–413. doi:10.2307/597585. ISSN 0003-0279. JSTOR 597585.
- Krishnamurti, Bhadriraju. Dravidian Languages, p21, Cambridge Language Surveys, Cambridge University Press, 2003
- Merritt, Anne (1 April 2015). "Easiest written languages for English speakers". The Daily Telegraph. ISSN 0307-1235. Retrieved 14 October 2017.
- "– Official Website of Kodava Community". Kodava.org. Retrieved 1 June 2012.
- "Mangalore University to offer MA in Kodava language". Deccan Herald. 17 December 2021. Retrieved 30 May 2022.
Bibliography
- R A Cole, "An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language"[1]
Further reading
- Government of Coorg (1953), Handbook of Coorg Census-1951 (PDF), Assistant Commissioner and District Census Officer, Coorg
External links
- Cole, R A (1867). An Elementary Grammar of the Coorg Language. Bangalore: Wesleyan Mission Press. Retrieved 24 August 2022.
На других языках
[de] Kodava (Sprache)
Kodava (koḍava; auch Kodagu, Coorgi) ist die dravidische Sprache des gleichnamigen Volkes. Sie ist im Distrikt Kodagu (früher Coorg) des südindischen Bundesstaats Karnataka verbreitet, wo sie etwa 166.000 Menschen als Muttersprache sprechen. Sie weist starke Einflüsse aus verwandten Sprachen auf, insbesondere Kannada, das von der Mehrheit der Sprecher als Zweitsprache verwendet wird. Kodava wird seit dem 17. Jahrhundert in der Kannada-Schrift geschrieben, obwohl diese für zwei charakteristische Vokale der Sprache keine Zeichen besitzt. Kodava umfasst zwei Dialekte, einen nördlichen und einen südlichen. Als Standard hat sich die für literarische Werke von jeher bevorzugte nördliche Mundart durchgesetzt, die in und um Madikeri, die ehemalige Hauptstadt des früheren Fürstenstaates Coorg, gesprochen wird.- [en] Kodava language
[fr] Kodagu (langue)
Le kodagu (ou kodava, autonyme, koḍagï) est une langue dravidienne, parlée par environ 122 000 Kodavas qui vivent dans le district de Kodagu situé dans l'État de Karnataka, en Inde[2].[ru] Кодагу (язык)
Кодагу (кодава) — язык, относящийся к дравидийской семье языков. Количество говорящих — 241 000 человек. Распространён в Индии в штате Карнатака в районе Кодагу. Используется письменность каннада.Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.
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