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Angika (also known as Anga, Angikar or Chhika-Chhiki) is an Eastern Indo-Aryan language spoken in some parts of the Indian states of Bihar and Jharkhand, as well as in parts of Nepal.[1]

Angika
Chhika-Chhiki
अंगिका
Native toIndia and Nepal
RegionBihar and Jharkhand (India), Terai (Nepal)[1]
Native speakers
(740,000 cited 1996)[2]
Language family
Official status
Official language in
 India
Language codes
ISO 639-2anp
ISO 639-3anp
Glottologangi1238

It is closely related to languages such as Maithili, Bengali, Bhojpuri and Magahi.


Territory


Angika is mainly spoken in south-eastern Bihar, including Munger, Bhagalpur and Banka districts; and the Santhal Pargana division of Jharkhand.[4] Its speakers number around 15 million people.[5] Apart from Bihar and Jharkhand states of India, it is also spoken in the Morang district of Nepalese Terai as a minority language. 1.9% people of Morang returned Angika as their mother tongue during the 2011 Nepal census.[6]


Relationship to Maithili


Angika was classified as a dialect of Maithili by George A. Grierson in the Linguistic Survey of India (1903).[7] However, the Angika speakers now assert its status as an independent language. When the proponents of the Maithili language in Bihar demanded use of Maithili-medium primary education in the early 20th century, the people of the Angika-speaking region did not support them, and instead favoured Hindi-medium education.[8] In the 1960s and the 1970s, when the Maithili speakers demanded a separate Mithila state, the Angika and Bajjika speakers made counter-demands for recognition of their languages.[9]

Maithili proponents believe that the Government of Bihar and the pro-Hindi Bihar Rashtrabhasha Parishad promoted Angika and Bajjika as distinct languages to weaken the Maithili language movement; many of them still consider Angika to be a dialect of Maithili.[8] People from mainly Maithil Brahmins and Karan Kayasthas castes have supported the Maithili movement, while people from various other castes in the Mithila region have projected Angika and Bajjika as their mother tongues, attempting to break away from the Maithili-based regional identity.[10]


Official status


Angika is not listed in the 8th schedule of the constitution of India.[11]

Angika has the status of "second state language" in the Indian state of Jharkhand since 2018. It shares this status with 15 other languages, including Maithili.[3][12]


See also



References


  1. "Angika". Archived from the original on 21 March 2018. Retrieved 4 May 2022.
  2. Angika at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  3. Sudhir Kumar Mishra (22 March 2018). "Bhojpuri, 3 more to get official tag". The Telegraph. Archived from the original on 22 March 2018.
  4. Masica 1993, p. 12.
  5. Sevanti Ninan (2007). Headlines From the Heartland: Reinventing the Hindi Public Sphere. SAGE Publications. p. 61. ISBN 978-0-7619-3580-3. Archived from the original on 11 May 2018.
  6. 2011 Nepal Census, Social Characteristics Tables
  7. Grierson 1903, p. 95.
  8. Mithilesh Kumar Jha 2017, p. 163.
  9. Kathleen Kuiper 2010, p. 57.
  10. Manish Kumar Thakur 2002, p. 208.
  11. "Languages in the Eighth Schedule". Ministry of Home Affairs. 22 December 2004. Archived from the original on 30 April 2013. Retrieved 5 May 2011.
  12. "Jharkhand gives 2nd language status to Magahi, Angika, Bhojpuri and Maithali". United News of India. 21 March 2018. Archived from the original on 24 March 2018.

Bibliography


Angika test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

На других языках

- [en] Angika

[es] Idioma angika

El idioma angika o aṅgikā «अङ्गिका o अंगिका» es un idioma hablado en la región india de Anga, un área que cae dentro de los estados de Bihar, Jharkhand y Bengala Occidental. Es hablada por más de 30 millones de indios y 50 millones a través del mundo. Se habla en Bombay, Delhi, Calcuta, Durgapur, Panyab, Vadodara, Surat, Patna, Ranchi, Jamshedpur y Bokaro entre otras partes. Se usa también en Camboya, Vietnam, Malasia y en otros países del sudeste asiático. Es usado además por inmigrantes comunidades en los Estados Unidos y el Reino Unido.

[fr] Angika

L'angika (अंगिका) ou chhika-chhiki est une langue parlée principalement en Inde dans la région Anga (en) du Bihar et dans l'État du Jharkhand. Il est également parlé dans certaines parties de la région du Terraï au Népal[1] et appartient à la famille des langues indo-aryennes orientales. Elle est étroitement liée à des langues comme le bengali, l'assamais, l'oriya, le maïthili et le magahi[2].

[it] Lingua angika

La lingua angika (अंगिका) è una lingua bihari parlata in India e in Nepal.

[ru] Ангика

Ангика — индоарийский язык, относится к группе бихарских языков. Распространён главным образом в индийском штате Бихар и приграничных районах Непала и штатов Джаркханд и Западная Бенгалия. Название и район распространения соответствует древнеиндийскомму государству Анга. Имеются также носители среди эмигрантов в США, Великобритании и странах Персидского залива.


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