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The Ladakhi language is a Tibetic language spoken in the Indian union territory of Ladakh. It is the predominant language in the Buddhist-dominated district of Leh. Though a member of the Tibetic family, Ladakhi is not mutually intelligible with Standard Tibetan.

Ladakhi
ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་ La-dwags skad
Native to	India, China
Region	Ladakh
Ethnicity	Ladakhis
Native speakers	110,826 (2011 census)[1] Most speakers counted under "Bhoti"[citation needed]
Language family	Sino-Tibetan Tibeto-Kanauri Bodish Tibetic Ladakhi–Balti Ladakhi
Writing system	Tibetan script
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: lbj – Ladakhi zau – Zangskari
Glottolog	kenh1234
ELP	Ladakhi
Ladakhi is classified as Vulnerable by the UNESCO Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger

Ladakhi has several dialects: Lehskat after Leh, where it is spoken;shamskat, spoken in the northwest of Leh; Stotskat, spoken in the Indus valley and which is tonal unlike the others; Nubra, spoken in the north of Leh , Changthang language which is spoken in a changthang region and Zanskari language which is spoken in zanskar region of Ladakh

Name

The neutrality of this section is disputed. (December 2021)

The Ladakhi language (Tibetan: ལ་དྭགས་སྐད་, Wylie: La-dwags skad) is also called Bhoti or Bodhi.[2][3] However, since Bhoti and Bodhi sound like “Buddhist” and can alienate Ladakhi Muslims who speak the same language, most Ladakhis usually refer to their language as Ladakhi.[4]

Classification

Nicolas Tournadre considers Ladakhi, Balti, and Purgi to be distinct languages on the basis of mutual intelligibility (Zangskari is not as distinct). As a group they are termed Ladakhi–Balti or Western Archaic Tibetan.[5]

Zangskari is a dialect of Ladakhi spoken in Zanskar and also spoken by Buddhists in the upper reaches of Lahaul (Himachal Pradesh) and Paddar (Paldar).^{[citation needed]} It has four subdialects, Stod, Zhung, Sham, and Lungna. It is written using the Tibetan script by Buddhists and the Arabic script by Muslim and Christian Ladakhis.[6]

Phonology

Consonants

		Labial	Dental	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n̪			ɲ	ŋ
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t̪	t͡s	ʈ	t͡ʃ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	t̪ʰ	t͡sʰ	ʈʰ	t͡ʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d̪	d͡z	ɖ	d͡ʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless			s	ʂ	ʃ		h
	voiced			z		ʒ
Trill				r
Lateral	plain			l
	murmured			lʱ
Semivowel		w				j

• /b d ɡ/ can fricative sounds [β ð ɣ] as allophones that occur within free variation.
• /k/ has an allophone of a retracted velar stop [k̠].
• /l r/ can have allophones [l̥ r̥] when occurring initially before a voiceless consonant.[7]

Vowels

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Mid	e	ə	o

Vowels with allophones

	Front	Central	Back
Close	i		u
Close-mid	e		o
Mid	[ɛ̝]	ə	[ɔ̝]
Open-mid		[ɐ]
Open		[ä]

• Allophones of /ə/ in word-final position are heard as [ä ɐ].
• Allophones of /e o/ are heard as [ɛ̝ ɔ̝].
• Allophones occur in free variation.[7]

Script

Ladakhi is usually written using Tibetan script with the pronunciation of Ladakhi being much closer to written Classical Tibetan than most other Tibetic languages. Ladakhis pronounce many of the prefix, suffix and head letters that are silent in many other Tibetic languages, in particular the Central Tibetan.[8] This tendency is more pronounced to the west of Leh, and on the Pakistani side of the Line of Control, in Baltistan. For example, a Tibetan would pronounce sta 'axe' as [tá], but a Lehpa would say [sta], and a purgi would pronounce [stare]. While a Tibetan would pronounce འབྲས་ (’bras) 'rice' as [ɳʈɛ́ʔ], Lehpa say [ɖas], and the purgii pronounce it as [bras].

The question of whether to write colloquial Ladakhi in the Tibetan script or to write only a slightly Ladakhified version of Classical Tibetan is controversial in Ladakh.[9] Muslim Ladakhis speak Ladakhi but most do not read the Tibetan script and most Buddhist Ladakhis can sound out the Tibetan script but do not understand Classical Tibetan, but some Ladakhi Buddhist scholars insist that Ladakhi must be written only in a form of Classical Tibetan. A limited number of books and magazines have been published in colloquial Ladakhi.

Written Ladakhi is most often romanised using modified Wylie transliteration, with a th denoting an aspirated dental t, for example.

Recognition

A section of Ladakhi society has been demanding inclusion of a newly named language, Bhoti, to be added to the 8th Schedule of the Indian Constitution. They claim that Bhoti is spoken by Ladakhis, Baltis, Tibetans, and throughout the Himalayas from Baltistan to Arunachal Pradesh.[10][11]

References

External links

• A. H. Francke 1901 A Sketch of Ladakhi GrammarJournal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Bengal 70.1 Archived 29 July 2013 at the Wayback Machine

На других языках

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[de] Ladakhische Sprache

Die ladakhische Sprache (Ladakhisch, auch Ladakhi), gehört zum tibeto-birmanischen Zweig der sino-tibetischen Sprachfamilie. Sie ist eng mit der tibetischen Sprache verwandt, wird heute aber im Allgemeinen als eigenständige Sprache anerkannt. Im offiziellen indischen Sprachenzensus zählt Ladakhisch als Variante oder Untersprache des Bhotia, zu dem in dieser Betrachtungsweise unter anderem auch das Denjongka und Tibetische gezählt werden.[1]

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- [en] Ladakhi language

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[fr] Ladakhi

Le ladakhi (en ladakhi : ལ་དྭགས་ཀྱི་སྐད་, translittération : lədəks siskət, littéralement : « le parler du Ladakh »), aussi appelé bodhi ou bothi, est une langue tibéto-birmane parlée dans le district du Ladakh dans l'État indien du Jammu-et-Cachemire. Elle fait partie de la branche ladakhi–balti (en) des langues tibétiques, et n'est pas intelligible avec le tibétain standard, qui fait partie de la branche des langues du tibétain central.

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[it] Lingua ladakhi

La lingua ladakhi è una lingua tibeto-birmana parlata in India, nella regione del Ladakh, e in Cina, nella Regione Autonoma del Tibet.

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[ru] Ладакхский язык

Ладакхи или ладакхский язык (тиб. ལ་དྭགས་སྐད, Вайли la dwags skad), также называемый бодхи, и научно — западный архаичный тибетский (куда также включены балти, буриг или пуриг (пурки)), принадлежит к сино-тибетской семье языков. Это основной язык Ладакха, Индия, также употребляем в Балтистане, Пакистане.

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