Kumaoni (कुमाऊँनी;
pronounced[kuːmɑːʊni]) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by over two million people of the Kumaon region of the state of Uttarakhand in northern India and parts of Doti region in Western Nepal.[1] As per 1961 survey there were 1,030,254 Kumaoni speakers in India.[4] The number of speakers increased to 2.2 million in 2011.
This article contains Indic text. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks or boxes, misplaced vowels or missing conjunctsinstead of Indic text.
Kumaoni is not endangered but UNESCO's Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger designates it as a language in the unsafe category, meaning it requires consistent conservation efforts.[5]
There are several dialects spoken in the Kumaon region. There is not single accepted method of dividing up the dialects of Kumaoni. Broadly speaking, Kali (or Central) Kumaoni is spoken in Almora and northern Nainital. North-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in Pithoragarh. South-eastern Kumaoni is spoken in South-eastern Nainital. Western Kumaoni is spoken west of Almora and Nainital.
Some Kumaoni speakers are also reportedly found in Western Nepal.[2]
History
Various Kumaoni text founded from the katyuri and chand era on temple stones and as copper plate inscriptions.[8][9] Kumaoni was official language of Kumaon Kingdom.[citation needed]
Phonology
Consonants
Labial
Dental/ Alveolar
Retroflex
Post-alv./ Palatal
Velar
Glottal
Nasal
voiced
m
n
ɳ
ŋ
breathy
mʱ
nʱ
Stop/ Affricate
voiceless
p
t
ʈ
tʃ
k
aspirated
pʰ
tʰ
ʈʰ
tʃʰ
kʰ
voiced
b
d
ɖ
dʒ
ɡ
breathy
bʱ
dʱ
ɖʱ
dʒʱ
ɡʱ
Fricative
s
ʃ
h
Rhotic
voiced
r
ɽ
breathy
ɽʱ
Lateral
voiced
l
ɭ
breathy
lʱ
Approximant
w
j
/ʃ/ can also be heard as [s] in free variation, depending on the dialect.[10]
Being part of the Indo-Aryan dialect continuum Kumauni shares its grammar with other Indo-Aryan languages like Dotyali, Nepali, Hindi, Rajasthani, Kashmiri and Gujarati.
It shares much of its grammar with the other language of the Central Pahari group like Garhwali.
The peculiarities of grammar in Kumaoni and other Central Pahari languages exist due to the influence of the now extinct language of the Khasas, the first inhabitants of the region.
In Kumauni the verb substantive is formed from the root ach, as in both Rajasthani and Kashmiri. In Rajasthani its present tense, being derived from the Sanskrit present rcchami, I go, does not change for gender. But in Pahari and Kashmiri it must be derived from the rare Sanskrit particle *rcchitas, gone, for in these languages it is a participial tense and does change according to the gender of the subject. Thus, in the singular we have: - Here we have a relic of the old Khasa language, which, as has been said, seems to have been related to Kashmiri. Other relics of Khasa, again agreeing with north-western India, are the tendency to shorten long vowels, the practice of epenthesis, or the modification of a vowel by the one which follows in the next syllable, and the frequent occurrence of disaspiration. Thus, Khas siknu, Kumauni sikhno, but Hindi sikhna, to learn; Kumauni yeso, plural yasa, of this kind.
Language Comparison
Khas-kura
Kumauni
Kashmiri
Masc
Fem
Masc
Fem
Masc
Fem
I am
chu
chu
chic
chu
thus
ches
You are
chas
ches
chai
chi
chukh
chekh
He is
cha
che
ch
chi
chuh
cheh
Verb conjugation
Conjugation of the verb Lekh (लेख) to write, in all three tenses in Kumaoni.
Present tense
Singular
Plural
मैं
main
लेखनू
lekhnu
मैं लेखनू
main lekhnu
I write
हम
hum
लेखनु
lekhnu
हम लेखनु
hum lekhnu
we write
तू
tu
लेख
lekh
छे
chhe
तू लेख छे
tu lekh chhe
you write
तुम
tum
लेख
lekh
छो
chho
तुम लेख छो
tum lekh chho
you write
उ
U
लिखनो
likhno
उ लिखनो
U likhno
he writes
ऊँ
un
लेखन
lekhan
छन
chhan
ऊँ लेखन छन
un lekhan chhan
they write
Past tense
Singular
Plural
मेल
maile
लिखौ
lekho
मेल लिखौ
maile lekho
I wrote
हमुल
humul
लेखौ
lekho
हमुल लेखौ
humul lekho
we wrote
त्वील
tveel
लिखौ
lekho
त्वील लिखौ
tveel lekho
you wrote
तुमुल
tumule
लेखौ
lekho
तुमुल लेखौ
tumule lekho
you wrote
वील
veel
लिखौ
lekho
वील लिखौ
veel lekho
he wrote
उनुले
unule
लेखौ
lekho
उनुले लेखौ
unule lekho
they wrote
Future tense
Singular
Plural
मैं
main
लिखूंलो
lekhulo
मैं लिखूंलो
main lekhulo
I will write
हम
hum
लेखुंला
lekhula
हम लेखुंला
hum lekhula
we will write
तू
tum
लेखले
lekhle
तू लेखले
tum lekhle
you will write
तुम
tum
लेखला
lekhla
तुम लेखला
tum lekhla
you will write
उ
u
लेखल
lekhal
उ लेखल
u lekhal
he will write
ऊँ
un
लेखल
lekhal
ऊँ लेखल
un lekhal
they will write
Example short phrases
Words/phrases
Transliteration
Meaning
जै देव
Jai Dev
Hello Formal.
पैलाग
Pailaag
Hi/Hello (lit. touch your feet as a sign of respect used by younger members to greet older members)
कस हेरे छे?
Kas hare chhe?
How are you? Informal
कस हेरो छा?
Kas haro cha
How are you? Formal
भल हेरो
Bhal hero
I am fine
काँ जाण छा?
kaa jaan chha?
Where are you going
होए
Hoye.
Yes.
ना
Nā.
No.
कतु?
Katu?
How much?/How many?
काँ?
Kajāh?
Where?
कसिक?
Kasik?
How?
कैक?
Kaik?
Whose?
को?
Ko?
Who?
किलै
Kila?
Why?
के?
Ke?
What?
के हेगो?
Ke hego.
What happened?
तुमऱ नौ के छ?
Tumar nau ke che?
What is your name?
बेरे घर (ध्याव ) ऐै जया
Baere ghyav ajayaa
Come home early
आपूं कां बटे आछा?
Aapoun kan bate aachcha?
From where do you come?
को जाल बजार?
Ko jal Baazar
Who will go to market?
ओ बबो
O babo
Oh my god!
Official Status
There have been demands to include Kumaoni along with Garhwali in the 8th schedule of the Constitution of India so that it could be made one of the Scheduled Language of India.
In 2010, a private member's bill was introduced for discussion in the Lok Sabha whose aim was to include Garhwali and Kumaoni in the Eighth Schedule of the Constitution.[13][14]
However In a step to promote and protect indigenous languages in December 2019 Government of the state introduced Official Kumaoni Books for Classes 1-5 students of kumaon division Schools.[15]
Kumaoni literature
Kumaoni language has had many noteworthy writers, prominent among them are
Aapke Liye, a 1985 TV show aired in Doordarshan Directed by sharbat sanzarr and presented by Mohan Manral showcases the kumaoni mela "kauteek".
Theatre
Kumaoni theatre which developed through its 'Ramleela' plays,[21] later evolved into a modern theatre form with the efforts of theatre stalwarts like Mohan Upreti, Naima Khan Upreti and Dinesh Pandey, and groups like 'Parvatiya Kala Kendra' (started by Mohan Upreti) and 'Parvatiya Lok Kala Manch'. "Ankhar" of Lucknow did a very good work in the field of kumaoni theater. Ankhar played a number of kumauni plays like "mee yo gayun, mee yo satkyun" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Punturi" by Charu Chandra Pandey, "Motor Road" by Govind Ballabh Pant, "Labh Ribhadi" writer Nand Kumar Upreti, "Kagare Aag" and "Tumhare Liye" by Himanshu Joshi, Kumauni translation Naveeen Joshi and कुमाउनी नाटक-जैल थै, वील पै.[22]
Folk music
Folk song genres include ceremonial mandals, martial panwaras and melancholy khuded, thadya, and jhoda.
Musical instruments used in Kumaon music include thedhol, damoun, turri, ransingha, dholki, daur, thali, bhankora, andmasakbhaja. Tabla and harmonium are also used, but to a lesser extent.
Some prominent singers are:
Mohan Upreti, the most famous personality associated with Kumaoni folk music, who is known for his Nanda Devi Jagar & Rajula Malu Shahi Ballad. He is famous for the great Kumaoni song Bedu Pako Baro Masa which for many years the identity of the hills of Uttarakahand. It is said this song was also a favourite of Pandit Jawahar Lal Nehru who heard it in a band march as this song is also a popular marching song.
Naima Khan Upreti - She was the wife of Mohan Upreti and was a prominent folk singer. Mohan Upreti and Naima Upreti used to sing folk songs as a duet and they also made the first HMV recording of songs like Bedu Pako and O Lali, O Lali Haushiya. Naima Upreti had collected a large number of songs of the Kumaon and Garhwal region and she rendered them on several occasions.
Gopal Babu Goswami - who is considered to be a legend in Kumaon for his melodious voice. His songs on the life of the members of the armed forces and their families like Kaile baje muruli, Ghughuti na basa (Hirda cassettes) and many others are legendary, it is said that when these songs were transmitted on All India Radio women could not help but weep when they heard the soul touching voice of Gopal Da as he was lovingly called.
Heera Singh Rana - identified as a contemporary poet and singer who touched upon various shades of hill life, particularly the plight of women. Besides beauty, love, and romance, his poetry illustrates pains and sufferings and are sharp in satire on the political class.
In the early 1990s songs on the turning life style mainly on the one who are heading towards town being made in which meri kumau ki gaadi, hit meri punjaban billo uttarakhand pahara, bwaari tamaaku pija etc. criticize the changing attitude in kumaoni society, the songs of mohan manral straight away criticize of the changing mindset of metropolitan kumaoni society running away from their roots.
Radio
In 1962, a new programme was introduced from Akashwani Lucknow- "Utterayana". this programme was specially for the Chinese border area. Jay dev sharma "kamal" Banshidhar Pathak Jigyasu and Jeet Singh Jardhari started this programme. Najeebabad Akashwani kendra relayed this programme .
With the aim to create a common platform for local communities of Supi in Uttarakhand, TERI launched 'Kumaon vani', a community radio service on 11 March 2010. Uttarakhand Governor Margaret Alva inaugurated the community radio station, the first in the state. The 'Kumaon Vani' aims to air programmes on environment, agriculture, culture, weather and education in the local language and with the active participation of the communities. The radio station covers a radius of 10km reaching out to almost 2000 locals around Mukhteshwar[23]
In order to create a folk genome tank of Uttarakhand where one can find each genre and occasions in the form of folk music, and to bring the melodious folk from the heart of Himalaya on global screen, the very first internet radio of Kumaon/Garhwal/Jaunsar was launched in year 2008 by a group of non-resident Uttarakhandi from New York, which has been gaining significant popularity among inhabitants and migrants since its beta version was launched in year 2010. This was named after a very famous melody of hills of Himalaya, Bedupako Baramasa O Narain Kafal Pako Chaita Bedupako[24]
Dr. Shashi Pandey, Ramesh Ch Pandey, Rama Pandey: Uttarakhandi Lokoktiyan (Published 2014, Kumaoni and Garhwali Editions)
Devidatta Sarma; Linguistic geography of Kumaun Himalayas: A descriptive areal distribution of Kumauni language (Studies in Tibeto-Himalayan languages). Mittal Publications; 1994. ISBN81-7099-529-9.
Devidatta Sarma; The formation of Kumauni language (SILL: series in Indian languages and linguistics). Bahri Publications; 1985. ISBN81-7034-005-5
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