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The Ruian dialect (Chinese: 瑞安話; pronounced [zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨] in the Rui'an dialect; standard pinyin: Ruì'ānyǔ) is a dialect of Wu Chinese spoken in Ruian. It belongs to the Oujiang sub-group of Wu Chinese dialects. It is closely related to the Pingyang dialect and Lucheng dialect, generally referred to as Wenzhounese.

Ruian dialect
瑞安話
Pronunciation[zʉ˦ø˧ɦo˨]
Native toChina
RegionWenzhou prefecture, Zhejiang province
Native speakers
1 million (2011)[citation needed]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
  • Sinitic
    • Wu
      • Oujiang
        • Ruian dialect
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
GlottologNone
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Phonology



Initials


  Labial Labiodental Dental Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal tenuis ʔm 猫 ʔn 嬭 ʔȵ 蛲 ʔŋ  
voiced m 迷 n 拿 ȵ 寧 ŋ 咬  
Plosive aspirated pʰ 怕 tʰ 聽 kʰ 空
tenuis p 巴 t 丁 k 公 ʔ 愛
voiced b 爬 d 停 ɡ 爻
Affricate aspirated tsʰ 寸 tɕʰ 氣  
tenuis ts 增 tɕ 九  
voiced dz 茶 dʑ 求  
Fricative voiceless f 方 s 森 ɕ 想 h 好
voiced v 會 z 時   ɦ 紅
Approximant tenuis ʔw 灣 ʔʋ 歪 ʔl 拉 ʔj 腰  
voiced w 換 l 辣 j 藥

Finals


Rui'an has the following finals:

嘸 [m], 兒 [ŋ]

姹 [a], 好 [ɛ], 包 [ɔ]

海 [e̝], 先 [i], 思 [ɿ]

下 [o̝], 布 [ʉ] ~ 圖 [ɘʉ] ~ 水 [ʮ]

全 [y], 安 [ø], 歌 [ʋ̩ʷ]

會 [ɐi], 走 [ɐu̜]

李 [ei], 六 [əu̜]

涼 [iɛ], 關 [uɔ], 花 [uo̝]

經 [ɐŋ], 聽 [əŋ], 公 [oŋ].

Additional finals for older accents include

天 [ie̝], 橋 [yø], 頭 [iəu̜]


Tones


In the Ruian dialect, a monosyllabic word can have one of the eight tones, but there are only four phonetically distinguished tones, divided into high (陰) and low (陽) categories. In combination with another tone, it can change depending on the tone sandhi system.

Yin Ping 陰平 [˦] 44 江天飛三

Yang Ping 陽平 [˧˩] 31 來同魚球

Yin Shang 陰上 [˧˥] 35 懂紙古本

Yang Shang 陽上 [˨˦] 24 近淡厚似

Yin Qu 陰去 [˥˨] 52 對去貨歲

Yang Qu 陽去 [˨] 22 外地路住

Yin Ru 陰入 [˧˨˧] 323 七博塔各

Yang Ru 陽入 [˨˩˨] 212 六肉白石


Tone sandhi


In bisyllabic words, the Rui'an dialect phonetically has only six tones, high flat ˦, middle flat ˧, rising ˨˦, departing ˦˨, entering ˨˩˨ and short ˨. We'll now use A, B, C, D, E, and 0 for these six tones.

tones 陰平 陰上 陰去 陰入 陽平 陽上 陽去 陽入
陰平 0A AC ED AE AD Example Example Example
陰上 AB 0C D0 AE D0 Example Example Example
陰去 Example Example Example D0 Example 0C Example Example
陰入 Example Example E0 Example Example Example Example E0
陽平 AE Example 0C Example Example Example Example Example
陽上 Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
陽去 0A Example C0 Example Example Example C0 Example
陽入 0A 0C Example Example Example Example Example Example

Grammar



Sentence Structure



Classifiers



Verbs



Adverbs


Ruian dialect

Lexicon



Pronouns


PronounIPATranscription
1st person sing.ŋ˧˦吾
2nd person sing.ȵi˧˦爾
3rd person sing.ɡe̝˧˩渠/佢
reflexive sing.zɿ˨自
1st person plur.ŋ˨˦ le̝˨, ŋ˨˦ la˨吾俚， 吾啦
2nd person plur.ȵi˨˦ le̝˨, ȵi˨˦ la˨爾俚， 爾啦
3rd person plur.ɡe̝˦˨ le̝˨, ɡe̝˦˨ la˨渠/佢俚，渠/佢啦
reflexive plur.zɿ˧ le̝˨, zɿ˧ la˨自俚， 自啦

Numerals


NumeralsIPATranscription
0ləŋ˧˩, dø˧˦零, 斷1
1ʔja˧˨˧, i˧˨˧一1 2
2ŋ˨, la˧˦二, 兩1
3sɔ˦三
4sɿ˥˨四
5ŋ˧˦五
6ləu̜˧˨˧六
7tsʰa˧˨˧七
8po̝˧˨˧八
9tɕɐu̜˧˥九
10za˨˩˨十
20ȵiɛ˨廿
30sɔ˧ za˧三十
100i˨ pa˧˨˧一百
1000i˨ tɕʰi˧一千
10.000i˨ mɔ˧一萬
1 used when are alone or follow 第 to form ordinal numerals, and the later three lectures are cardinal numerals and are generally followed by a classifier.
2 the first lecture is considered literal, the second colloquial.

Vocabulary


Below is a list of the most common vocabulary in Ruian dialect.

MeaningIPATranscriptionMandarin equivalent
to see, to look[tsʰɿ˥˨]眥看
to hear, to listen[tʰəŋ˦]聽聽
to ask[mɐŋ˨]問問
to look for[zɐŋ˧˩]尋找， 尋找
to smell[hoŋ˥˨]嗅聞
to know[sei˧˨˧]識認識
to say, to speak[ko̝˧˥]講說
to curse[kɐŋ˥˨]謴罵
to eat[tɕʰi˧˨˧]喫吃
to drink[hɔ˧˨˧]呷喝
chopstick[dzei˨]箸筷子
to stand[ɡe̝˧˦]徛站
pocket[tɐu̜˦]兜口袋
salted vegetables[tsʰe̝˨˩˨ ɦɔ˨]菜鹹鹹菜
chopping block[pɔ˧ tsɐŋ˨˦]板砧砧板
icing sugar[do̝˨ ɕo̝˧]糖霜糖霜
thing, object[ʔmʉ˦ zɿ˧]物事東西
rice spoon[vɔ˦ tɕiɛ˧]飯槳飯勺
radish[tsʰe̝˨˩˨ dəu̜˨]菜頭蘿蔔
trouble[sa˦ zəu̜˨˦]生受麻煩
doctor[i˧ sɿ˧]醫師醫生
blind[ʔmo̝˨˩˨ do̝˨]盲瞊瞎子
wife[lɛ˦ ʔø˧]老安老婆
unfamiliar[ta˦ sa˧]打生陌生
eagle[ta˧ ʔjɐŋ˧]咄鷹貓頭鷹
mole cricket[tʰɘʉ˦ kɐu̜˨˦]土狗蝼蛄
bicycle[dɔ˨ tɕɔ˦ tsʰo̝˧]踏腳車自行车
instrument[ko̝˨ sa˦ fʋ̩ʷ˨˦]家生货家具
young, teenager[ɦɐu̜˧ sa˨˩˨ ŋ˨]後生兒年輕人
serious， powerful[dəu̜˦ bei˨ tɕiɛ˧]肚皮掌厲害

Readings


Like other Wu dialects, in the Ruian dialect a Chinese character can have more than one reading, divided into vernacular readings (白讀) and literary readings (文讀), in comparison with other Wu dialects, the Ruian dialect has relatively few multiple readings. Below are some samples.

Hanzi Vernacular Literary
reading transcription meaning reading transcription meaning
人 sɐŋ ȵɐŋ 新人 bride koŋ zɐŋ 工人 worker
日 ne̝ tsɿ 日子 day za dʑi 日期 date
問 mɐŋ ɦɛ 問號 question mark vɐŋ dei 問題 question
無 ŋ tɔ 無膽 despondent vʋ̩ʷ jo̝ 無用 useless
龍 tsei lo̝ 紙龍 kite kʰoŋ loŋ 恐龍 dinosaur
女 na ŋ 女兒 daughter ȵy zɿ 女士 lady

See also



References



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