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Shehua (畲话, Shēhuà, meaning 'She speech') is an unclassified Sinitic language spoken by the She people of Southeastern China. It is also called Shanha, San-hak (山哈)[3] or Shanhahua (山哈话). Shehua speakers are located mainly in Fujian and Zhejiang provinces of Southeastern China, with smaller numbers of speakers in a few locations of Jiangxi (in Guixi and Yanshan County), Guangdong (in Chaozhou and Fengshun County) and Anhui (in Ningguo) provinces.[1]

She
Shanha
Native toChina
RegionFujian, Zhejiang
EthnicityShe
Native speakers
400,000 (2002)[1][2]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3None (mis)
Linguasphere79-AAA-gbf

Shēhuà (畲话) is not to be confused with Shēyǔ (畲语, also known as Ho Ne), which is a Hmong–Mien language spoken in East-Central Guangdong. Shehua and Sheyu speakers have separate histories and identities, although both are officially classified by the Chinese government as She people. The Dongjia of Majiang County, Guizhou are also officially classified as She people, but speak a Western Hmongic language closely related to Chong'anjiang Miao (重安江苗语).


History


During the Tang dynasty, Shehua speakers lived in the Jiangxi-Guangdong-Fujian border region. Afterwards, they moved to their present locations further to the northeast.[1]


Classification


Some linguists consider Shehua to be a variety of Hakka Chinese, while others consider it to be an unclassified variety of Chinese that has received some influence from Hakka and is not part of Hakka.[1] Hiroki Nakanishi (2010) considers Shehua to be a Hakka dialect that may have a Sheyu (Hmongic) substratum. However, Zhao (2004) considers Shehua to be an independent branch of Chinese, and that it should not be classified within Hakka.[4]

Depending on their locations, Shehua dialects have been variously influenced by Hakka, Gan, Wu, and Min.


Dialects


You (2002:31-35)[1] divides Shehua into 9 dialectal areas (fangyan qu 方言区), and with respective locations and speaker demographics from You (2002) listed as well. The Eastern Fujian and Southern Zhejiang dialectal areas each have over 100,000 speakers, while the smallest dialectal areas are in Guangdong and Jiangxi, with each having only a few thousand speakers. Altogether, there are more than 400,000 Shehua speakers in China.[1]

In Anhui Province, there is also a Shehua dialect spoken by about 2,400 people in Yunti She Ethnic Township (云梯畲族乡), Ningguo City that has been influenced by Lower Yangtze Mandarin.[10][11]

You (2002)[1] provides a comparative vocabulary list for the following 13 datapoints. The Zhebei dialectal area 浙北方言区 has not been included by You (2002).

  1. Fu'an 福安, Ningde, Fujian (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区)
  2. Fuding 福鼎, Ningde, Fujian (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区; includes Xiamen She Ethnic Township 硖门畲族乡)
  3. Luoyuan 罗源, Fuzhou, Fujian (Mindong dialectal area 闽东方言区)
  4. Sanming 三明, Fujian (Minzhong dialectal area 闽中方言区)
  5. Shunchang 顺昌, Nanping 南平, Fujian (Minbei dialectal area 闽北方言区)
  6. Hua'an 华安, Zhangzhou 华安, southern Fujian (Minnan dialectal area 闽北方言区)
  7. Guixi 贵溪, Yingtan 鹰潭, Jiangxi (Gandong dialectal area 赣东方言区)
  8. Cangnan 苍南, Wenzhou 温州, Zhejiang (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区)
  9. Jingning 景宁, Lishui 丽水, Zhejiang (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区)
  10. Lishui 丽水, Zhejiang (Zhe'nan dialectal area 浙南方言区)
  11. Longyou 龙游, Quzhou 衢州, Zhejiang (Zhezhong dialectal area 浙中方言区; includes Muchen She Ethnic Township 沐尘畲族乡)
  12. Chaozhou 潮州, Guangdong (Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区)
  13. Fengshun 丰顺, Meizhou 梅州, Guangdong (Yuedong dialectal area 粤东方言区)

Distribution


The following maps show ethnic She townships and other administrative divisions (highlighted in magenta) in Zhejiang, Fujian, and Jiangxi provinces. The She people of these three provinces speak Shehua, while the She of central Guangdong and Guizhou speak Hmongic languages.

The most Shehua speakers are located in Ningde Prefecture, Fujian, and Wenzhou and Lishui Prefectures, Zhejiang. Smaller communities of Shehua speakers are located in central Zhejiang, southern Fujian, the mountainous interior of western Fujian, and northeastern Jiangxi near its border with Fujian.[1] It is not known whether Shehua is spoken by She people living in central and southern Jiangxi.


Phonology


Like many Hakka dialects, most Shehua dialects have the final stop consonants -p, -t, and -k. Some varieties of the Mindong Shehua dialect (including the Fu'an and Fuding varieties) have the initial voiceless lateral fricative ɬ- where other Shehua dialects have an initial s-.

Shehua has 6 phonemic contour tones, which can be organized into the following 6 tone categories (You 2002:80-83).


Unique vocabulary


You (2002:183-216)[1] notes that Shehua has many unique vocabulary items that have no cognates in Hakka, Gan, Wu, or any other Chinese language. Instead, many words have parallels in Hmong-Mien languages (You 2002:490-504), and in Tai and Kam-Sui languages (You 2002:458-489). Other words appear to have no parallels in any other language family or branch (You 2002:505-518).


Further reading



References



Citations


  1. You Wenliang 游文良. 2002. Shezu yuyan 畲族语言. Fuzhou: Fujian People's Press 福建人民出版社. ISBN 7-211-03885-3
  2. You (2002:29)
  3. Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2014. Northern and Southern Vernaculars of She (San-hak): On Shuangguishan, Youxi County, Fujian Province / 畲話的南北分片問題:以閩中尤溪雙貴山為例的探討. In 客家研究第七卷第二期, 2014 年12 月39-62 頁.
  4. 赵则玲. 2004. 试论畲话的归属. 《语言科学》2004年第5期87-94,共8页.
  5. 林清书. 2008. 山羊隔畲族村的语言传承和语言使用现状. 《龙岩学院学报》 2008年第2期87-91,共5页.
  6. Lin Jinlu, etc. Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer Editorial Committee 龙岩地区地方志编纂委员会编; 总编林金禄. 1992. Longyan Prefecture Geographical Gazetteer 福建省龙岩地区志. Shanghai: Shanghai People's Press 上海人民出版社.
  7. 大岛广美. 2011. 丰顺县凤坪村畲话的上声调嘎裂声. 《文化遗产》 中文社会科学引文索引 2011年第3期共6页.
  8. Hu Songbai 胡松柏; Hu Derong 胡德荣. 2013. Yanshan Taiyuan Shehua yanjiu 铅山太源畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
  9. Liu Lunxin 刘纶鑫. 2008. Guixi Zhangping Shehua yanjiu 贵溪樟坪畲话研究. Beijing: China Social Sciences Academy Press 中国社会科学出版社.
  10. Wu Chong-chieh 吳中杰. 2004. Languages of She Minority / Shezu yuyan yanjiu 畬族語言研究. Ph.D. dissertation. Hsinchu, Taiwan: National Tsing Hua University 國立清華大學語言研究所.
  11. 钱虹. 2015. 语言接触下的畲话语音变迁——以安徽宁国云梯畲话为例. 《广西民族大学学报:哲学社会科学版》2015年第1期163-167,共5页.

Sources





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