lingvo.wikisort.org - Language

Search / Calendar

Suzhounese (simplified Chinese: 苏州话; traditional Chinese: 蘇州話; pinyin: Sūzhōuhuà; Suzhounese: sou1 tseu1 ghe2 gho6 [səu˥.tsøʏ˥.ɦɛ˨˨˦.ɦo˨˧˩] 蘇州閒話), also known as the Suzhou dialect, is the variety of Chinese traditionally spoken in the city of Suzhou in Jiangsu Province, China. Suzhounese is a variety of Wu Chinese, and was traditionally considered the Wu Chinese prestige dialect. Suzhounese has a large vowel inventory and it is relatively conservative in initials by preserving voiced consonants from Middle Chinese.[citation needed]

Suzhounese
蘇州閒話 / 苏州闲话
Sou-tseu ghé-ghô
Pronunciation[soʊ˥tsøʏ˨˩ɦɛ˩˧ɦʊ˧]
Native toChina
RegionSuzhou and southeast Jiangsu province
Native speakers
approx. 5-7 million[citation needed]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
  • Sinitic
    • Wu
      • Taihu
        • Suzhou–Shanghai–Jiaxing
          (Su-Hu-Jia)
          • Suzhounese
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
ISO 639-6suji
Linguist List
wuu-suh
Glottologsuzh1234
Linguasphere79-AAA-dbb >
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Suzhou dialect
Traditional Chinese蘇州話
Simplified Chinese苏州话
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese蘇州閒話

Distribution


Suzhou dialect is spoken within the city itself and the surrounding area, including migrants living in nearby Shanghai.

The Suzhou dialect is mutually intelligible with dialects spoken in its satellite cities such as Kunshan, Changshu, and Zhangjiagang, as well as those spoken in its former satellites Wuxi and Shanghai. It is also partially intelligible with dialects spoken in other areas of the Wu cultural sphere such as Hangzhou and Ningbo. However, it is not mutually intelligible with Cantonese or Standard Chinese; but, as all public schools and most broadcast communication in Suzhou use Mandarin exclusively, nearly all speakers of the dialect are at least bilingual. Owing to migration within China, many residents of the city cannot speak the local dialect but can usually understand it after a few months or years in the area.[citation needed]


History



Plural pronouns


Second- and third-person pronouns are suffixed with 笃 [toʔ] for the plural. The first-person plural is a separate root, 伲 [ni].[1]


Varieties


Some non-native speakers of Suzhou dialect speak Suzhou dialect in a "stylized variety" to tell tales.[2]


Phonology



Initials


Initial consonants
  Labial Dental/Alveolar Alveolo-palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɲ ŋ
Plosive tenuis p t k ʔ
aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ
voiced b d ɡ
Affricate tenuis ts tɕ
aspirated tsʰ tɕʰ
voiced dʑ
Fricative voiceless f s ɕ h
voiced v z ɦ
Lateral l

The Suzhou dialect has series of voiced, voiceless, and aspirated stops, and voiceless and voiced fricatives. Moreover, palatalized initials also occur.


Finals


Vowel nuclei
Front Central Back
Unrounded Rounded
Close /i/ /y/
Near-close /ɪ/ /ʏ/ /ɵ/ /ʊ/
Mid /ɛ/ /ə/ /o/
Open /æ/ /a/ /ɑ/
Diphthong /øʏ, oʊ/
Finals[3]
Coda Open Nasal Glottal stop
Medial ∅jw ∅jw ∅jwɥ
Nucleus i i           
y y           
ɪ ɪ   ɪɲ       
ʏ ʏ   ʏɲ       
ɵ ɵjɵwɵ         
ʊ ʊ           
ɛ ɛ wɛ         
ə     ən wən əʔjəʔwəʔɥəʔ
o     oŋjoŋ  oʔjoʔ  
øʏ øʏ           
oʊ oʊ           
æ æjæ          
a     ãjãwã aʔjaʔwaʔ 
ɑ ɑjɑwɑ ɑ̃jɑ̃wɑ̃ ɑʔjɑʔ  
Syllabic continuants: [z̩] [z̩ʷ] [β̩~v̩] [m̩] [ŋ̩] [l̩]

Notes:

The Middle Chinese [-ŋ] rimes are retained, while [-n] and [-m] are either retained or have disappeared in the Suzhou dialect. Middle Chinese [-p -t -k] rimes have become glottal stops, [-ʔ].

In the Suzhou dialect, [gə] is a very special demonstrative that is used alongside a separate set of proximal and distal demonstratives. [gə] can indicate referents appearing in a speech situation, which may be close to or far away from the deictic center, and under these conditions, [gə] is always used in combination with gestures. Hence [gə] can serve both proximal and distal functions.[4]


Tones


Suzhou is considered to have seven tones. However, since the tone split dating from Middle Chinese still depends on the voicing of the initial consonant, these constitute just three phonemic tones: ping, shang, and qu. (Ru syllables are phonemically toneless.)

Tone chart
Tone numberTone nameTone lettersDescription
1 yin ping (陰平)˦ (44)high
2 yang ping (陽平)˨˨˦ (224)level-rising
3 shang (上)˥˨ (52)high falling
4 yin qu (陰去)˦˩˨ (412)dipping
5 yang qu (陽去)˨˧˩ (231)rising-falling
6 yin ru (陰入)˦ʔ (4)high checked
7 yang ru (陽入)˨˧ʔ (23)rising checked

In Suzhou, the Middle Chinese Shang tone has partially merged with the modern yin qu tone.


Suzhou dialect in literature


Ballad-narratives

A "ballad–narrative" (說唱詞話) known as "The story of Xue Rengui crossing the sea and Pacifying Liao" (薛仁貴跨海征遼故事), which is about the Tang dynasty hero Xue Rengui[5] is believed to have been written in the Suzhou dialect.[6]

Novels

Han Bangqing wrote Lives of Shanghai Flowers, one of the earliest novels in Wu dialect, in Suzhou dialect. Suzhou serves as an important drive for Han to write the novel. Suzhou dialect is used in innovative methods to demonstrate urban space and time, as well as the interrupted narrative aesthetics, making it an integral part of an effort, which is presented as a fundamental and self-conscious new thing. [7] Han's novel also inspired other authors to write in Wu dialect.


See also


Wikimedia Commons has media related to Suzhou dialect.

References


  1. Yue, Anne O. (2003). "Chinese Dialects: Grammar". In Thurgood, Graham; LaPolla, Randy J. (eds.). The Sino-Tibetan Languages (illustrated ed.). London: Routledge. p. 86. ISBN 0-7007-1129-5.
  2. Clements, Clancy (2000). "Review of Creole and Dialect Continua". Language. 76 (1): 160. doi:10.1353/lan.2000.0054. JSTOR 417399. S2CID 141755433. She also examines a stylized variety of Suzhou Wu as used to tell stories by native speakers of another dialect.
  3. Ling, Feng (2009). A Phonetic Study of the Vowel System in Suzhou Chinese (PhD thesis). City University of Hong Kong.
  4. Chen, Yujie (2015), Chappell, Hilary M (ed.), "The semantic differentiation of demonstratives in Sinitic languages", Diversity in Sinitic Languages, Oxford: Oxford University Press, doi:10.1093/acprof:oso/9780198723790.001.0001, ISBN 978-0-19-872379-0, retrieved 2021-12-06
  5. Idema, Wilt L. (2007). "Fighting in Korea: Two Early Narratives of the Story of Xue Rengui". In Breuker, Remco E. (ed.). Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven (illustrated ed.). Leiden: CNWS Publications. p. 341. ISBN 978-90-5789-153-3. A prosimetrical rendition, entitled Xue Rengui kuahai zheng Liao gushi 薛仁貴跨海征遼故事 (The story of Xue Rengui crossing the sea and Pacifying Liao), which shares its opening prose paragraph with the Xue Rengui zheng Liao shilüe, is preserved in a printing of 1471; it is one of the shuochang cihua 說唱詞話 (ballad-narratives
  6. Idema, Wilt L. (2007). "Fighting in Korea: Two Early Narratives of the Story of Xue Rengui". In Breuker, Remco E. (ed.). Korea in the Middle: Korean Studies and Area Studies: Essays in Honour of Boudewijn Walraven (illustrated ed.). Leiden: CNWS Publications. p. 342. ISBN 978-90-5789-153-3. for telling and singing) which were discovered in the suburbs of Shanghai in 1967. While these shuochang cihua had been printed in modern-day Beijing, their language suggests that they had been composed in the Wu Chinese area of Suzhou and surroundings,
  7. Des Forges, Alexander (2007). Mediasphere Shanghai: The Aesthetics of Cultural Production. University of Hawai'i Press. ISBN 978-0-8248-3081-6. JSTOR j.ctt13x1jm2.



На других языках

- [en] Suzhou dialect

[ru] Диалект Сучжоу

Диалект Сучжоу (кит. трад. 蘇州話, упр. 苏州语, пиньинь Sūzhōu huà) — диалект, на котором говорят в городском округе Сучжоу китайской провинции Цзянсу. Принадлежит к одной из крупнейших групп в китайском языке — диалектной группе у (吴语). Около 3000 лет назад Сучжоу являлся столицей царства У и до середины XIX в. был ведущим экономическим и культурным центром региона, поэтому сучжоуский долгое время являлся престижным диалектом всей уской группы (однако в последние десятилетия уступил это место шанхайскому). Сучжоуский непонятен людям, говорящим на диалектах других групп (в том числе, на севернокитайском). Язык, на котором говорит старшее поколение, отличается от того, который используют молодые люди, так как первый «чище» по звучанию, содержит меньше слов-заимствований. Появление слов-заимствований в диалекте Сучжоу связано с процессом глобализации, развитием туризма, экономических отношений. По сравнению с шанхайским сучжоуский звучит «мягче», содержит больше тонов (7). Если сравнивать диалект Сучжоу с путунхуа, в сучжоуском сохранилась разница между звонкими и глухими согласными (в дополнение к придыхательным), а также между передне- и среднеязычными сибилянтами. Диалект Сучжоу понятен людям, живущим в городах Куньшань, Чанша, Чжанцзяган, Уси, Шанхай. В настоящее время людей, говорящих на сучжоуском становится меньше, около 90 % людей в Сучжоу владеют как местным диалектом, так и путунхуа. Могут существовать небольшие различия в фонетике диалекта в разных частях округа.


Текст в блоке "Читать" взят с сайта "Википедия" и доступен по лицензии Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike; в отдельных случаях могут действовать дополнительные условия.

Другой контент может иметь иную лицензию. Перед использованием материалов сайта WikiSort.org внимательно изучите правила лицензирования конкретных элементов наполнения сайта.

2019-2025
WikiSort.org - проект по пересортировке и дополнению контента Википедии