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Waxiang (simplified Chinese: 瓦乡话; traditional Chinese: 瓦鄉話; pinyin: Wǎxiānghuà; ɕioŋ˥tsa˧) is a divergent variety of Chinese,[2][3] spoken by the Waxiang people, an unrecognized ethnic minority group in the northwestern part of Hunan province, China. Waxiang is a distinct language, very different from its surrounding Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang and Qo Xiong languages.

Waxiang
Waxianghua, Wogang
瓦鄉話/瓦乡话
Wǎxiānghuà
Native toChina
Regionwestern Hunan
Native speakers
(300,000 cited 1995)[1]
Language family
Sino-Tibetan
Language codes
ISO 639-3wxa
Glottologwaxi1236
Dialect map of Hunan.
Waxianhua is the bit of dark blue in the medium blue (SW Mandarin) just above the red (Xiang)

Classification


Further information: Greater Bai languages

As noted by Laurent Sagart (2011)[4] and others,[5][6][7] Waxiang appears to share some words with the Caijia language of western Guizhou. Sagart (2011) considers Caijia to be a sister of Waxiang. Currently, Waxiang is classified as a divergent Chinese variety rather than a non-Sinitic language.[2][3] Similarities among Old Chinese, Waxiang, Caijia, and Bai have also been pointed out by Wu & Shen (2010).[8]

Qu & Tang (2017) show that Waxiang and Miao (Qo Xiong) have had little mutual influence on each other.[9]


Distribution


Waxianghua is found in Luxi, Guzhang and Yongshun counties in Xiangxi Tujia and Miao Autonomous Prefecture, Zhangjiajie prefecture-level city (in Dayong 大庸), and Chenxi, Xupu and Yuanling counties in Huaihua prefecture-level city. Neighboring languages include Southwestern Mandarin, Xiang Chinese, Tujia, Qo Xiong, and Hm Nai.

The word Wa 瓦 is only a phonetic transcription.

Wu & Shen (2010) report Waxianghua to be spoken in the following villages.

Liubaohua 六保话, a dialect closely related to Waxianghua, is spoken in several villages in southeastern Guazhang County (including in Shaojitian Village 筲箕田村, Shanzao Township 山枣乡) and parts of Luxi County.[10] Liubaohua is spoken in the following locations (Zou 2013).


Conservative features


Waxiang preserves a number of features of Old Chinese not found in most modern varieties of Chinese, such as the initial *l- (which became a voiced dental stop in Middle Chinese):[11]

Waxiang also has some cases of /z/ for Old Chinese *r- (which became l- in Middle Chinese):[12]

In a number of words, Waxiang and Proto-Min have affricate initials where Middle Chinese has sy-:[13]

In some words, Waxiang and Proto-Min have voiced affricates where Middle Chinese has y-:[14]


Waxiang and Caijia


Sagart argues that Waxiang and Caijia together constitute the earliest branching of Chinese. Like Waxiang, Caijia preserves Old Chinese *l-, has a voiced fricative reflex of *r-, and retains the Old Chinese word 字 'love', which has been replaced by 愛 in all other Chinese varieties. Waxiang and Caijia also share two words not found in other Chinese varieties:[4]


See also



References


  1. Waxiang at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. Baxter, William; Sagart, Laurent (2014). Old Chinese: A New Reconstruction. Oxford University Press. p. 34. ISBN 978-0-19-994537-5.
  3. Kurpaska, Maria (2010). Chinese Language(s): A Look Through the Prism of "The Great Dictionary of Modern Chinese Dialects". Walter de Gruyter. p. 73. ISBN 978-3-11-021914-2.
  4. Sagart, Laurent. 2011. Classifying Chinese dialects/Sinitic languages on shared innovations. Talk given at Centre de recherches linguistiques sur l’Asie orientale, Norgent sur Marne.
  5. de Sousa, Hilário. 2015. The Far Southern Sinitic Languages as part of Mainland Southeast Asia. In Enfield, N.J. & Comrie, Bernard (eds.), Languages of Mainland Southeast Asia: The state of the art (Pacific Linguistics 649), 356–439. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. doi:10.1515/9781501501685-009.
  6. 湘西瓦乡话“吃饭”【柔摸】读音来历考
  7. 沅陵乡话（船溪）与白语蔡家话个别读音对比
  8. Wu Yunji, Shen Ruiqing [伍云姬、沈瑞清]. 2010. An Investigative Report of Waxianghua of Guzhang County, Xiangxi Prefecture [湘西古丈瓦乡话调查报告]. Shanghai Educational Press [上海教育出版社].
  9. Qu Jianhui 瞿建慧; Tang Jiaxin 唐家新. 2017. 湘西乡话与湘西苗语. Minzu Yuwen, vol. 2.
  10. Zou Xiaoling 邹晓玲. 2013. 湘西古丈县“六保话”的系属.
  11. Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 109.
  12. Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 110.
  13. Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 93.
  14. Baxter & Sagart (2014), p. 189.

Further reading


Wiktionary has a Greater Bai comparative vocabulary list
Waxiang Chinese test of Wikipedia at Wikimedia Incubator

На других языках

- [en] Waxiang Chinese

[fr] Waxiang

Le waxiang (chinois simplifié : 瓦乡话 ; chinois traditionnel : 瓦鄉話 ; pinyin : wǎxiānghuà) ou xianghua (chinois simplifié : 乡话 ; chinois traditionnel : 鄉話 ; pinyin : xiāng huà, waxiang : ɕioŋ55 tsa33) est un dialecte non classifié du chinois. Il est parlé dans l'ouest de la province du Hunan en République populaire de Chine. Il voisine la zone où est parlée au nord le mandarin (mandarin du sud-ouest) et le xiangyu (湘语/湘語) au sud.


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