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The Jian'ou dialect (Northern Min: Gṳ̿ing-é-dī / 建甌事; Chinese: simplified Chinese: 建瓯话; traditional Chinese: 建甌話; pinyin: Jiàn'ōuhuà), also known as Kienow dialect, is a local dialect of Northern Min Chinese spoken in Jian'ou in northern Fujian province. It is regarded as the standard common language in Jian'ou.

Jian'ou
Gṳ̿ing-é-dī / 建甌事
Pronunciation[kuiŋ˧ ɪ˥˦ ti˦]
Native toSouthern China
RegionJian'ou, Fujian province
Language family
Writing system
Chinese character, Kienning Colloquial Romanized
Language codes
ISO 639-3–
Glottologjian1240
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.
Jian'ou dialect
Traditional Chinese建甌話
Simplified Chinese建瓯话
Alternative Chinese name
Traditional Chinese建甌事
Simplified Chinese建瓯事
Bible in Jian'ou Romanised (Genesis), published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.
Bible in Jian'ou Romanised (Genesis), published by the British and Foreign Bible Society.

Phonetics and phonology


According to The Eight Tones of Kien-chou (建州八音), a rime dictionary published in 1795, the Jian'ou dialect had 15 initials, 34 rimes and 7 tones in the 18th century, however there are only 6 tones in the modern dialect as the "light level" (陽平) tone has disappeared.


Initials


Initials of the Jian'ou dialect
  Bilabial Alveolar Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ŋ  
Plosive voiceless unaspirated p t k ʔ
voiceless aspirated pʰ tʰ kʰ  
Affricate voiceless unaspirated   ts    
voiceless aspirated   tsʰ    
Fricative   s x  
Approximant   l    

Rimes


Rimes of the Jian'ou dialect
Open syllable Nasal coda
Open mouth a e[1] ɛ œ ɔ o[2] ai au aŋ aiŋ eiŋ œyŋ ɔŋ [3]
Even mouth i ia iɛ iɔ iau iu iŋ iaŋ ieiŋ[4] iɔŋ
Closed mouth u ua uɛ [5] uai uiŋ [6] uaŋ uaiŋ uɔŋ
Round mouth y yɛ [5] yiŋ [6]

Tones


Jian'ou has four tones, which are reduced to two in checked syllables.

Tone chart of the Jian'ou dialect
Tone numberTone nameTone contour
1 level (平聲)˥˦ (54) or ˥ (5)
2 rising (上聲)˨˩ (21) or ˩ (1)
3 dark departing (陰去)˨ (2)
4 light departing (陽去)˦ (4)
5 dark entering (陰入)˨˦ (24)
6 light entering (陽入)˦˨ (42)

The entering tones in the Jian'ou dialect do not have any entering tone coda (入聲韻尾) such as /-ʔ/, /-p̚/, /-t̚/ and /-k̚/ which makes it distinct from many other Chinese varieties.


Footnotes


  1. /e/ tends to merge to [ɪ]
  2. /o/ tends to merge to [ʊ]
  3. /oŋ/ which is mentioned in Kienning Colloquial Romanized has merged into /ɔŋ/ in the modern dialect.
  4. /ieiŋ/ is not mentioned in Kienning Colloquial Romanized as it diverged from /iŋ/ after the romanization system was established.
  5. /yɛ/ tends to merge into /uɛ/.
  6. /yiŋ/ tends to merge into /uiŋ/.

References






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