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The Assamese alphabet[2] (Assamese: অসমীয়া বৰ্ণমালা, Oxomiya bornomala) is a writing system of the Assamese language and is a part of the Bengali-Assamese script. This script was also used in Assam and nearby regions for Sanskrit as well as other languages such as Bodo (now Devanagari), Khasi (now Roman), Mising (now Roman), Jaintia (now Roman) etc. It evolved from Kamarupi script. The current form of the script has seen continuous development from the 5th-century Umachal/Nagajari-Khanikargaon rock inscriptions written in an eastern variety of the Gupta script, adopting significant traits from the Siddhaṃ script in the 7th century. By the 17th century three styles of Assamese alphabets could be identified (baminiya, kaitheli and garhgaya)[3] that converged to the standard script following typesetting required for printing. The present standard is identical to the Bengali alphabet except for two letters, (ro) and (vo); and the letter ক্ষ (khya) has evolved into an individual consonant by itself with its own phonetic quality whereas in the Bengali alphabet it is a conjunct of two letters.

Assamese Alphabet
Script type
Abugida
Time period
8th century to the present
Directionleft-to-right 
RegionAssam
LanguagesAssamese
Related scripts
Parent systems
Sister systems
Bengali alphabet and Tirhuta
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
 This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and  , see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.
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The Buranjis were written during the Ahom dynasty in the Assamese language using the Assamese alphabet. In the 14th century Madhava Kandali used Assamese alphabets to compose the famous Saptakanda Ramayana, which is the Assamese translation of Valmiki's Sanskrit Ramayana. Later, Sankardev used it in the 15th and 16th centuries to compose his oeuvre in Assamese and Brajavali dialect, the literary language of the bhakti poems (borgeets) and dramas.

The Ahom king Supangmung (1663–1670) was the first ruler who started issuing Assamese coins for his kingdom. Some similar scripts with minor differences are used to write Maithili, Bengali, Meithei and Sylheti.


History


Kanai-boroxiboa rock inscription, 1207 CE, shows proto-Assamese script
Kanai-boroxiboa rock inscription, 1207 CE, shows proto-Assamese script

The Umachal rock inscription of the 5th century evidences the first use of a script in the region. The script was very similar to the one used in Samudragupta's Allahabad Pillar inscription. Rock and copper plate inscriptions from then onwards, and Xaansi bark manuscripts right up to the 18th–19th centuries show a steady development of the Assamese alphabet. The script could be said to develop proto-Assamese shapes by the 13th century. In the 18th and 19th century, the Assamese script could be divided into three varieties: Kaitheli (also called Lakhari in Kamrup region, used by non-Brahmins), Bamuniya (used by Brahmins, for Sanskrit) and Garhgaya (used by state officials of the Ahom kingdom)—among which the Kaitheli style was the most popular, with medieval books (like the Hastir-vidyrnava) and sattras using this style.[4] In the early part of the 19th century, Atmaram Sarmah designed the first Assamese script for printing in Serampore, and the Bengali and Assamese lithography converged to the present standard that is used today.


Assamese symbols



Vowels


The script presently has a total of 11 vowel letters, used to represent the eight main vowel sounds of Assamese, along with a number of vowel diphthongs. All of these are used in both Assamese and Bengali, the two main languages using the script. In addition to the vowel system in the Bengali alphabet the Assamese alphabet has an additional "matra" (ʼ) that is used to represent the phonemes অʼ and এʼ. Some of the vowel letters have different sounds depending on the word, and a number of vowel distinctions preserved in the writing system are not pronounced as such in modern spoken Assamese or Bengali. For example, the Assamese script has two symbols for the vowel sound [i] and two symbols for the vowel sound [u]. This redundancy stems from the time when this script was used to write Sanskrit, a language that had a short [i] and a long [iː], and a short [u] and a long [uː]. These letters are preserved in the Assamese script with their traditional names of hôrswô i (lit. 'short i') and dirghô i (lit. 'long i'), etc., despite the fact that they are no longer pronounced differently in ordinary speech.

Vowel signs can be used in conjunction with consonants to modify the pronunciation of the consonant (here exemplified by , kô). When no vowel is written, the vowel (ô or o) is often assumed. To specifically denote the absence of a vowel, () may be written underneath the consonant.

Vowels
LetterName of letterVowel sign with [kɔ] ()Name of vowel signTransliterationIPA
o (none) (none)ko
or অʼó (none) or কʼ urdho-commako
aকা akarkaka
hroswo iকি hôrswôikarkiki
dirgho iকী dirghoikarkiki
hroswo uকু hroswoukarkuku
dirgho uকূ dirghoukarkuku
riকৃ rikarkrikri
eকে ekarkê and ke and ke
oiকৈ ôikarkoikɔɪ
üকো ükar
ouকৌ oukarkoukɔʊ

Consonants


The text says: Sri Sri Môt Xiwô Xinghô Môharaza. The র is used as ৱ in this 18th-century manuscript, just as in modern Mithilakshar.
The text says: "Sri Sri Môt Xiwô Xinghô Môharaza". The "" is used as "" in this 18th-century manuscript, just as in modern Mithilakshar.

The names of the consonant letters in Assamese are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel ô. Since the inherent vowel is assumed and not written, most letters' names look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter is itself ghô). Some letters that have lost their distinctive pronunciation in Modern Assamese are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written , , or (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called no; instead, they are called dontiya no ("dental n"), murdhoinno no ("retroflex n"), and nio. Similarly, the phoneme /x/ can be written as taloibbo xo ("palatal x"), murdhoinno xo ("retroflex x"), or dontia xo ("dental x"), the phoneme /s/ can be written using prothom sô ("first s") or ditio so ("second s"), and the phoneme /z/ can be written using borgia zo ("row z" = "the z included in the five rows of stop consonants") or ontostho zo ("z situated between" = "the z that comes between the five rows of stop consonants and the row of sibilants"), depending on the standard spelling of the particular word.

Consonants
LetterName of LetterTransliterationIPA
kokk
khokh
gogɡ
ghoghɡʱ
uŋongŋ
prothom soss
ditio soss
borgiya zozz
zhozhz
nioỹ, n
murdhoinno tott
murdhoinno thoth
murdhoinno dodd
murdhoinno dhodh
murdhoinnya nonn
dontia tott
dontia thoth
dontia dodd
dontia dhodh
dontia nonn
popp
phoph and f~ɸ
bobb
bhobh and vh~β
momm
ontostho zozz
rorɹ
loll
woww~β
taloibbo xox and sx~s
murdhoinno xox and sx~s
dontia xox and sx~s
hohɦ~h
ক্ষkhyokhy, kkhkʰj
ড়dore rorɹ
ঢ়dhore rorhɹɦ
য়ontostho yôyj
A few of Asamiya Consonant Conjuncts.
A few of Asamiya Consonant Conjuncts.
Asamiya vowel diacritics.
Asamiya vowel diacritics.

Assamese or Asamiya consonants include thirty three pure consonant letters in Assamese alphabet and each letter represents a single sound with an inherent vowel, the short vowel /a /.

The first twenty-five consonants letters are called sporxo borno. These sporxo bornos are again divided into five borgos. Therefore, these twenty-five letters are also called borgio borno.

The Assamese consonants are typically just the consonant's main pronunciation plus the inherent vowel o. The inherent vowel is assumed and not written, thus, names of most letters look identical to the letter itself (e.g. the name of the letter ঘ is itself ঘ gho).

Some letters have lost their distinctive pronunciation in modern Assamese are called by a more elaborate name. For example, since the consonant phoneme /n/ can be written ন, ণ, or ঞ (depending on the spelling of the particular word), these letters are not simply called no; instead, they are called ন dointo no ("dental n"), ণ murdhoinno no ("cerebral n"), and ঞ nio.

Similarly, the phoneme /x/ can be written as শ taloibbo xo ("palatal x"), ষ murdh9inno xo ("cerebral x"), or স dointo xo ("dental x"), the phoneme /s/ can be written using চ prothom so ("first s") or ছ ditio so ("second s"), and the phoneme /z/ can be written using জ borgio zo ("row z" = "the z included in the five rows of stop consonants") or য ontostho zo ("z situated between" = "the z that comes between the five rows of stop consonants and the row of sibilants"), depending on the standard spelling of the particular word.

The consonants can be arranged in following groups:

Group: 1 – Gutturals

ConsonantsPhonetics
khô
ghô
ṅgô

Group: 2 – Palatals

ConsonantsPhonetics
prôthôm sô
ditiyô sô
bôrgiya ja
jhô
ñiô

Group: 3 – Cerebrals or Retroflex

ConsonantsPhonetics
murdhôinnya ṭa
murdhôinnya ṭha
murdhôinnya ḍa
ড়daré ṛa
murdhôinnya ḍha
ঢ়dharé ṛha
murdhôinnya ṇa

Group: 4 – Dentals

ConsonantsPhonetics
dôntiya ta
khanda ṯ
dôntiya tha
dôntiya da
dôntiya dha
dôntiya na

Group: 5 – Labials

ConsonantsPhonetics
pa
pha
ba
bha
ma

Group: 6 – Semivowels

ConsonantsPhonetics
ôntôsthô zô
য়ôntôsthô ẏô
ra
la
wa

Group: 7 – Sibilants

ConsonantsPhonetics
talôibbya xô
mudhôinnya xô
dôntiya xô

Group: 8 – Aspirate

ConsonantsPhonetics
ha
ক্ষkhyô

Group: 9 – Anuxāra

ConsonantsPhonetics
ṃ anuxar

Group: 9 – Bixarga

ConsonantsPhonetics
ḥ bixarga

Group: 10 – Candrabindu (anunāsika)

ConsonantsPhonetics
n̐, m̐ candrabindu

Halant

To write a consonant without the inherent vowel the halant sign is used below the base glyph. In Assamese this sign is called haxanta. (্)


Consonant Conjuncts

In Assamese, the combination of three consonants is possible without their intervening vowels. There are about 122 conjunct letters. A few conjunct letters are given below:


Anuxôr

Anuxôr ( ং ) indicates a nasal consonant sound (velar). When an anuxar comes before a consonant belonging to any of the 5 bargas, it represents the nasal consonant belonging to that barga.


Candrabindu

Chandrabindu ( ঁ ) denotes nasalization of the vowel that is attached to it .


Bixargô

Bixargô ( ঃ ) represents a sound similar to /h /.


Consonant clusters according to Goswami


According to Dr. G. C. Goswami the number of two-phoneme clusters is 143 symbolised by 174 conjunct letters. Three phoneme clusters are 21 in number, which are written by 27 conjunct clusters. A few of them are given hereafter as examples:

Conjunct lettersTransliteration[Phoneme clusters (with phonetics)
ক + ক(kô + kô)ক্ক kkô
ঙ + ক(ŋô + kô)ঙ্ক ŋkô
ল + ক(lô + kô)ল্ক lkô
স + ক(xô + kô)স্ক skô
স + ফ(xô + phô)স্ফ sphô
ঙ + খ(ŋô + khô)ঙ্খ ŋkhô
স + খ(xô + khô)স্খ skhô
ঙ + গ(ŋô + gô)ঙ্গ ŋgô
ঙ + ঘ(ŋô + ghô)ঙ্ঘ ŋghô
দ + ঘ(dô + ghô)দ্ঘ dghô
শ + চ(xô + sô)শ্চ ssô
চ + ছ(sô + shô)চ্ছ sshô
ঞ + ছ(ñô + shô)ঞ্ছ ñshô
ঞ + জ(ñô + zô)ঞ্জ ñzô
জ + ঞ(zô + ñô)জ্ঞ zñô
ল + ট(lô + ṭô)ল্ট lṭô
ণ + ঠ(ṇô + ṭhô)ণ্ঠ ṇṭhô
ষ + ঠ(xô + ṭhô)ষ্ঠ ṣṭhô
ণ + ড(ṇô + ḍô)ণ্ড ṇḍô
ষ + ণ(xô + ṇô)ষ্ণ ṣṇô
হ + ন(hô + nô) hnô
ক + ষ(kô + xô)ক্ষ ksô
প + ত(pô + tô)প্ত ptô
স + ত(xô + tô)স্ত stô
ক + ত(kô + tô)ক্ত ktô
গ + ন(gô + nô)গ্ন gnô
ম + ন(mô + nô)ম্ন mnô
শ + ন(xô + nô)শ্ন snô
স + ন(xô + nô)স্ন snô
হ + ন(hô + nô)হ্ন hnô
ত + থ(tô + thô)ত্থ tthô
ন + থ(nô + thô)ন্থ nthô
ষ + থ(xô + thô)ষ্থ sthô
ন + দ(nô + dô)ন্দ ndô
ব + দ(bô + dô)ব্দ bdô
ম + প(mô + pô)ম্প mpô
ল + প(lô + pô)ল্প lpô
ষ + প(xô + pô)ষ্প spô
স + প(xô + pô)স্প spô
ম + ফ(mô + phô)ম্ফ mphô
ষ + ফ(xô + phô)স্ফ sphô
দ + ব(dô + bô)দ্ব dbô
ম + ব(mô + bô)ম্ব mbô
হ + ব(hô + bô)হ্ব hbô
দ + ভ(dô + bhô)দ্ভ dbhô
ম + ভ(mô + bhô)ম্ভ mbhô
ক + ম(kô + mô)ক্ম kmô
দ + ম(dô + mô)দ্ম dmô
হ + ম(hô + mô)হ্ম hmô
ম + ম(mô + mô)ম্ম mmô

Digits


Digits
Hindu-Arabic numerals 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Assamese numerals ১০
Assamese names xuinno ek dui tini sari pas soy xat ath no (no') doh
শূণ্য এক দুই তিনি চাৰি পাচ ছয় সাত আঠ ন, ন' দহ

Three distinct variations of Assamese script from the Bengali


Assamese unique characters
LetterName of letterTransliterationIPABengali
rɹ– bôesunnô rô
ww– (antasthya a)
ক্ষkhyôkhykʰj– juktokkhyô

Though ক্ষ is used in Bengali as a conjunct letter. Cha or Chha too has different pronunciation.


Assamese keyboard layout


The keyboard locations of three characters unique to the Assamese script are depicted below:

The "Indian languages TRANSliteration" (ITRANS) the ASCII transliteration scheme for Indic scripts here, Assamese; the characterisations are given below:

Keyboard sequenceCharacter
kক্
khখ্
gগ্
ghঘ্
~Nঙ্
N^ঙ্
chচ্
Chছ্
chhছ্
jজ্
jhঝ্
~nঞ্
JNঞ্
Tট্
Thঠ্
Dড্
Dhঢ্
Nণ্
tত্
thথ্
dদ্
Keyboard sequenceCharacter
dhধ্
nন্
pপ্
phফ্
bব্
bhভ্
mম্
yয্
rৰ্
lল্
vৱ্
wৱ্
shশ্
Shষ্
shhষ্
sস্
hহ্
.Dড়্
.Dhঢ়্
Yয়্
yhয়্
Keyboard sequenceCharacter
GYজ্ঞ্
dnyজ্ঞ্
xক্ষ্
a
aa
A
i
ii
I
u
uu
U
RRi
R^i
LLi
Keyboard sequenceCharacter
L^i
e
ai
o
au
RRI
R^I
LLI
L^I
.N
.n
M
H
.h
Keyboard sequenceCharacter
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
#্ৰ
$ৰ্
^ত্ৰ
*শ্ৰ

Sample text


The following is a sample text in Assamese of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights:

Assamese in Assamese alphabet

১ম অনুচ্ছেদ: জন্মগতভাৱে সকলো মানুহ মৰ্য্যদা আৰু অধিকাৰত সমান আৰু স্বতন্ত্ৰ। তেওঁলোকৰ বিবেক আছে, বুদ্ধি আছে। তেওঁলোকে প্ৰত্যেকে প্ৰেত্যেকক ভ্ৰাতৃভাৱে ব্যৱহাৰ কৰা উচিত।[5]

Assamese in Romanisation 1

Prôthôm ônussêd: Zônmôgôtôbhawê xôkôlû manuh moirjyôda aru odhikarôt xôman aru sôtôntrô. Têû̃lûkôr bibêk asê, buddhi asê. Têû̃lûkê proittêkê proittêkôk bhratribhawê byôwôhar kôra usit.

Assamese in Romanisation 2

Prothom onussed: Jonmogotobhabe xokolü manuh moirjjoda aru odhikarot xoman aru sotontro. Teü̃lükor bibek ase, buddhi ase. Teü̃lüke proitteke proittekok bhratribhawe bebohar kora usit.

Assamese in Romanisation 3

Prothom onussed: Jonmogotovawe xokolu' manuh morjjoda aru odhikarot xoman aru sotontro. Teulu’kor bibek ase, buddhi ase. Teulu’ke proitteke proittekok vratrivawe bewohar kora usit.

Assamese in common chatting romanisation

Prothom onussed: Jonmogotobhawe xokolu manuh morjyoda aru odhikarot xoman aru sotontro. Teulukor bibek ase, buddhi ase. Teuluke proitteke proittekok bhratribhawe byowohar kora usit.

Assamese in IAST Romanisation

Prathama anucchēda: Janmagatabhāve sakalo mānuha maryadā āru adhikārata samāna āru svatantra. Tēõlokara bibēka āchē, buddhi āchē. Tēõlokē pratyēkē pratyēkaka bhrātribhāvē byavahāra karā ucita.

Assamese in the International Phonetic Alphabet

/pɹɔtʰɔm ɔnusːɛd | zɔnmɔɡɔtɔbʰawɛ xɔkɔlʊ manuʱ moizːɔda aɹu odʰikaɹɔt xɔman aɹu s(w)ɔtɔntɹɔ || tɛʊ̃lʊkɔɹ bibɛk asɛ budːʰi asɛ || tɛʊ̃lʊkɛ pɹoitːɛkɛ pɹoitːɛkɔk bʰɹatɹibʰabɛ bɛβɔɦaɹ kɔɹa usit/

Gloss

1st Article: Congenitally all human dignity and right-in equal and free. their conscience exists, intellect exists. They everyone everyone-to brotherly behaviour to-do should.

Translation

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience. Therefore, they should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Unicode


The Bengali–Assamese script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Assamese and Bengali is U+0980–U+09FF:

Bengali[1][2]
Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)
 0123456789ABCDEF
U+098x
U+099x
U+09Ax
U+09Bx ি
U+09Cx
U+09Dx
U+09Ex
U+09Fx
Notes
1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0
2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also



Notes


  1. "In fact, the term 'Eastern Nagari' seems to be the only designation which does not favour one or the other language. However, it is only applied in academic discourses, whereas the name 'Bengali script' dominates the global public sphere." (Brandt 2014:25)
  2. The name ăcãmăkṣara first appears in Ahom coins and copperplates where the name denoted the Ahom script (Bora 1981:11–12)
  3. (Bora 1981:53)
  4. (Neog 1980, p. 308)
  5. "Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Assamese" (PDF). United Nations. Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 July 2021.

References



Further reading







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