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The Odia script (Odia: ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର, romanized: Odiā akṣara) is a Brahmic script used to write primarily Odia language and others including Sanskrit and other regional languages. The script has developed over more than 1000 years from a variant of Siddhaṃ script which was used in Eastern India, where the characteristic top line transformed into a distinct round umbrella shape due to the influence of palm leaf manuscripts and also being influenced by the neighbouring scripts from the Western and Southern regions.

Odia script ଓଡ଼ିଆ ଅକ୍ଷର Odiā akṣara
‘Odiā akṣara’ written in Odia script
Script type	Abugida
Time period	c. 14th century – present[1]
Direction	left-to-right
Languages	Odia, Sanskrit, Kui, Sora, Kuvi, Santali, Chhattisgarhi, Halbi, Sambalpuri
Related scripts
Parent systems	Proto-Sinaitic script[a] Phoenician alphabet[a] Aramaic alphabet[a] Brahmi script Gupta script Siddhaṃ script[2][3] Gaudi script[4][5] Odia script
Sister systems	Bengali–Assamese, Tirhuta, Nāgarī, Nepalese[2][5][6]
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Orya (327), ​Oriya (Odia)
Unicode
Unicode alias	Oriya
Unicode range	U+0B00–U+0B7F
[a] The Semitic origin of the Brahmic scripts is not universally agreed upon.
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

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Odia is a syllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before, or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol.

An important feature of the Odia language seen in the script is the retention of inherent vowel in consonants, also known as schwa, at both medial and final positions. This absence of schwa deletion, which is also seen in Sanskrit, marks it from the rest of modern Indo-Aryan languages and their equivalent usage in related Brahmic scripts. The absence of the inherent vowel in the consonant is marked by a virama or halanta sign below the consonant.

History

In Eastern India, a derivative of Siddhaṃ script yielded a group of scripts that eventually became Bengali-Assamese scripts, Tirhuta script and the Odia script, with the latter turning the hook into a characteristic umbrella.[2] The earliest known example of Odia language, in the Kalinga script, dates from 1051.[7][8]

The curved appearance of the Odia script is a result of the practice of writing on palm leaves, which have a tendency to tear with the use of too many straight lines.[9]

As with all the Brahmic scripts in the region, the Odia script developed through four stages which can be seen from the stone inscriptions, copper-plates and the manuscripts. The periods of development are in the following order,

1. Proto-Odia: ca 7th- 9th CE
2. Medieval Odia: ca 10th- 12th CE
3. Transitional Odia: ca 12th- 14th CE
4. Modern(current) Odia: ca 14th- 16th CE

The archaic and medieval forms of Odia are more influenced by the calligraphy of the scripts of neighbouring regions, such as,

1. In Northern Odisha-where the letters are written in Odia, mixed in with Siddham-derived Gaudi style(that is the right vertical part of the letter is slightly bent inwards).
2. In southern Odisha-where it is mixed with Telugu-Kannada round, cursive form.
3. In Western Odisha. Where it is mixed with Nagari and Siddham(squarish shape in upper-part).

With regards to the epigraphical sources, the antiquities which display the various historical forms of writing in Odia script include rock-edicts, temple inscriptions, stone-slabs, pillar inscriptions, sculptures, copper-plates, coins and palm-leaf manuscripts, illustrated manuscripts, ivory plates and allied materials. Numerous instances of the items depicting all the respective stages of the development of the Odia script during the illustrious dynasties of Eastern Ganga, Somavanshi, Bhanja, Bhauma-kara, Sailodbhava dynasties.

Some of them belonging to different centuries are as follows-

1. One of the earliest specimens of the Odia script is that of the Urjam inscription dating from the 11th CE (1051 CE). The language used in the inscriptions is a dialect spoken on the border regions of Odisha and Madhya Pradesh. The same applies to a bilingual and biscriptual stone inscription (Odia and Tamil) from the reign of Narasimhadeva (13th CE), found at Bhubaneswar. Odia language in old Odia script is seen on the right side while Tamil in Grantha on the left side.
2. The Gumsur copper-plate grant of Netribhanjadeva (11th CE) depicts the medieval phase of this script in square and round variety.
3. The stone inscription of the Pottesvara temple, Ganjam district (137 CE), is a notable example of Odia script influenced by Telugu-Kannada variety.
4. The Antirigam plate of Yashabhanjadeva (12th CE) depicts Odia calligraphy influenced by northern Nagari. The differences in letters script seems to indicate of the script being in a transitional phase.
5. Khilor inscription of Anantavarman (12th CE) shows the Gaudi or Proto-Oriya script[4] round shape on the upper part, almost developed like the modern ones.
6. The early epigraphical records of the Puri inscriptions of Anangabhima III(1211-1238 CE), which is considered to be as one of the earliest Odia inscriptions showing the Gaudi characters, not only shows the stage of the proto, early and medieval phase if the evolution of the Odia script, but also the numericals in early proto-Oriya type while others to be that of the Telugu-Kannada type. The earlier inscription of Chodagangadeva (1114-1115 CE) shows the Late Siddhaṃ variety where the pristhamatra style of vowel diacritics is quite prominent.
7. In the records of Kenduapatna copper-plates in Sanskrit of the Eastern Ganga King Narasimhadeva II(1278-1305 CE), a transitional variety is seen depicting the development of Odia from Gaudi (showing squarish with round headlines in a ductus that is quite commonly seen on copper-plates and stone inscriptions).
8. The copper-plate land-grant record of the Gajapati King Purushottamadeva (15th CE), inscribed on a copper axe-head, shows the distinct early version of the modern Odia script which are also seen on the palm-leaves manuscripts belonging to the 15th CE.

With regards to the manuscript sources, the full-fledged script of Odia acquires its classical umbrella hook shape through the development, modification as well as simplification between the 14th and 15th CE, when the palm-leaf manuscript culture becomes dominant in this region. Since the palm-leaves are perishable in nature, no manuscripts are currently available pre-15th CE. Hence, recent works are also important as they show the rare and ancient text as well as artistic illustrations. One of the earliest dated palm-leaf manuscripts is that of Abhinava Gita-Govinda kept in Odisha State Museum. The date of completion of the manuscript is estimated to be that of 1494 CE. Among other manuscripts present at the museum, includes historical works like manuscripts of Jayadeva’s Gita-Govinda (16th CE) to the relatively recent works of 18th,19th and 20th century.[3]

Overwhelmingly, the Odia script was used to write the Odia language. However, it has been used as a regional writing-system for Sanskrit. Furthermore, Grierson[10] in his famed Linguistic Survey of India mentioned that the Odia script is sometimes used for Chhattisgarhi, an Eastern Hindi language, in the eastern border regions of Chhattisgarh. However it appears to have been replaced with the Devanagari script.

Alphabet

Odia is a alphasyllabic alphabet or an abugida wherein all consonants have an inherent vowel embedded within. Diacritics (which can appear above, below, before or after the consonant they belong to) are used to change the form of the inherent vowel. When vowels appear at the beginning of a syllable, they are written as independent letters. Also, when certain consonants occur together, special conjunct symbols are used to combine the essential parts of each consonant symbol. The list of vowels and consonants(both structured and unstructured) are as follows:[3][11]

Independent vowels

The following are the list of Odia vowels.

Odia vowels
(ସ୍ୱର ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ swara barṇṇa)

	ହ୍ରସ୍ୱ Hraswa (Short vowel)					ଦୀର୍ଘ Dirgha (Long vowel)
	ସ୍ୱର Vowel, Phoneme		କାର(ମାତ୍ରା) Diacritic, with କ୍(k)			ସ୍ୱର Vowel, Phoneme		କାର(ମାତ୍ରା) Diacritic, with କ୍(k)
କଣ୍ଠ୍ୟ (Guttural)	ଅ	a(ɔ)	-	କ		ଆ	ā(a)	ା	କା
ତାଲବ୍ୟ (Palatal)	ଇ	i(i)	ି	କି		ଈ	ī(i)	ୀ	କୀ
ଓଷ୍ଠ୍ୟ (Labial)	ଉ	u(u)	ୁ	କୁ		ଊ	ū(u)	ୂ	କୂ
ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ୟ (Retroflex)	ଋ	r̥(ru)	ୃ	କୃ		ୠ	r̥̄(ru)	ୄ	କୄ
ଦନ୍ତ୍ୟ (Retroflex)	ଌ	l̥(lu)	ୢ	କୢ		ୡ	l̥̄(lu)	ୣ	କୣ
Other Vowels
କଣ୍ଠ୍ୟତାଲବ୍ୟ (Palatoguttural)	ଏ	e(e)	େ	କେ		ଐ	ai(ɔi)	ୈ	କୈ
କଣ୍ଠୌଷ୍ଠ୍ୟ (Labioguttural)	ଓ	o(o)	ୋ	କୋ		ଔ	au(ɔu)	ୌ	କୌ

There is no significant difference in the pronunciation of both short and long vowels (ଇ, ଈ & ଉ, ଊ). Also, the vowels ୠ, ଌ, ୡ and their diacritics are only required while writing Sanskrit in Odia script and not used significantly in modern Odia, hence they are not always mentioned in the Odia alphabet.

Other forms of vowel diacritics

Vowel Letter	Diacritic forms
For the vowel ଇ(i), there exists another diacritic form for these consonants- ଖ (kha), ଥ (tha), ଧ (dha). This diacritic is a remnant from the Odia cursive style variant Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର). (Not to be confused with ତ୍କ,ତ୍ନ,ତ୍ପ,ତ୍ମ,ତ୍ସ, where this underside hook represents the ତ୍(t) ligature preceding the consonants କ,ନ,ପ,ମ,ସ)	ଖି (khi) ଥି (thi) ଧି (dhi)

Consonants

Two categories of consonant letters (ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ byan̄jana) are defined in Odia: the structured consonants (ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ bargya byan̄jana) and the unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ abargya byan̄jana).

The first standardised Odia alphabet book was compiled by Madhusudan Rao named Barnabodha in 1895. As seen from the alphabet list, the phonemes Ba, Va and Wa were represented by the same letter ବ, with the sound Va & Wa being represented by the name abargya ba (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ). This can be seen in Barnabodha in 1896. This was because the phonemes Ba and Va merged in the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages and was represented by the same letter, in case of Odia- ବ. While the phoneme Wa existed through the consonant ligature symbol, which it shared with Ba- ୍ୱ (ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ- swādhīna). Gopala Chandra Praharaj, who compiled and published the first comprehensive Odia dictionary, Purnachandra Odia Bhashakosha(1931-40), introduced a new letter ୱ to the script inventory to represent the phonetic sound of Wa in order to distinguish it from the same symbol which it earlier shared with Ba. While an alternate letter for Wa was represented by ଵ, but has not gained full acceptance and instead Praharaj's letter has remained the widely used and recognised letter.[12][13][14]

Structured consonants

The structured consonants(ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) are classified according to where the tongue touches the palate of the mouth and are classified accordingly into five structured groups. These consonants are shown here with their ISO transliteration.

Odia structured consonants
(ବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ bargya byañjana barṇṇa)

Phonetics →	Plosive ସ୍ପର୍ଶ sparśa								Nasal ଅନୁନାସିକ anunāsika
Voicing →	Voiceless ଅଘୋଷ aghoṣa				Voiced ଘୋଷ ghoṣa
Aspiration →	Unaspirated ଅଳ୍ପପ୍ରାଣ aḻpaprāṇa		Aspirated ମହାପ୍ରାଣ mahāprāṇa		Unaspirated ଅଳ୍ପପ୍ରାଣ aḻpaprāṇa		Aspirated ମହାପ୍ରାଣ mahāprāṇa		Unaspirated ଅଳ୍ପପ୍ରାଣ aḻpaprāṇa
କଣ୍ଠ୍ୟ Velar	କ	ka (kɔ)	ଖ	kha (kʰɔ)	ଗ	ga (ɡɔ)	ଘ	gha (ɡʱɔ)	ଙ	ṅa (ŋɔ)
ତାଲବ୍ୟ Palatal	ଚ	ca (tʃɔ)	ଛ	cha (tʃʰɔ)	ଜ	ja (dʒɔ)	ଝ	jha (dʒʱɔ)	ଞ	ña (ɲɔ)
ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ୟ Retroflex	ଟ	ṭa (ʈɔ)	ଠ	ṭha (ʈʰɔ)	ଡ	ḍa (ɖɔ)	ଢ	ḍha (ɖʱɔ)	ଣ	ṇa (ɳɔ)
ଦନ୍ତ୍ୟ Dental	ତ	ta (tɔ)	ଥ	tha (tʰɔ)	ଦ	da (dɔ)	ଧ	dha (dʱɔ)	ନ	na (nɔ)
ଓଷ୍ଠ୍ୟ Labial	ପ	pa (pɔ)	ଫ	pha (pʰɔ)	ବ	ba (bɔ)	ଭ	bha (bʱɔ)	ମ	ma (mɔ)

Unstructured consonants

The unstructured consonants (ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ) are consonants that do not fall into any of the above structures:

Odia unstructured consonants
(ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟଞ୍ଜନ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣ abargya byañjana barṇṇa)

Characteristics	Consonants	Phonetics
Voiced unaspirated Palatal used as Voiced postalveolar affricate Approximant (ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ antaḥstha)	ଯ	ẏa (dʒɔ)	antaḥstha ja
Voiced unaspirated Palatal Approximant (ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ antaḥstha)	ୟ	ya (jɔ)	ya
Voiced unaspirated Retroflex Approximant (ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ antaḥstha)	ର	ra (ɾɔ)	ra
Voiced retroflex lateral approximant	ଳ	ḷa (ɭɔ)	ḷa
Voiced unaspirated Dental Approximant (ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ antaḥstha)	ଲ	la (lɔ)	la
Voiced unaspirated Labial Approximant (ଅନ୍ତଃସ୍ଥ antaḥstha)	ୱ	wa (wɔ)	wa (also ଅବର୍ଗ୍ୟ ବ abargya ba)[nc 1]
Voiced unaspirated Palatal Sibilant Fricative (ଊଷ୍ମ ūṣma)	ଶ	śa (sɔ)	talabya sa (ତାଲବ୍ୟ)
Voiced unaspirated Retroflex Sibilant Fricative (ଊଷ୍ମ ūṣma)	ଷ	ṣa (sɔ)	murddhanya sa (ମୂର୍ଦ୍ଧନ୍ୟ)
Voiced unaspirated Dental Sibilant Fricative (ଊଷ୍ମ ūṣma)	ସ	sa (sɔ)	dantya sa (ଦନ୍ତ୍ୟ)
Voiced aspirated Guttural Fricative (ଊଷ୍ମ ūṣma)	ହ	ha (ɦɔ)	ha
Voiced retroflex flap	ଡ଼	ṛa (ɽɔ)	ḍa
Voiced retroflex flap	ଢ଼	ṛha (ɽʰɔ)	ḍha
Conjunct of କ & ଷ	କ୍ଷ	kṣa	kha/khya

Although the sibilants ଶ, ଷ, ସ have their independent orthography, in modern spoken Odia all three of them are pronounced the same as ସ(sa).

ଵ - This letter is used sporadically for the phonetic Va/Wa as an alternative for the officially recognised letter ୱ, but has not gained widespread acceptance.

Notes

Vowel diacritics

The following table shows the list of vowel diacritics on consonants.

Vowel diacritics on Consonants

	ଅ a	ଆ ā	ଇ i	ଈ ī	ଉ u	ଊ ū	ଋ r̥	ୠ r̥̄	ଌ l̥	ୡ l̥̄	ଏ e	ଐ ai	ଓ o	ଔ au
କ୍ k	କ	କା	କି	କୀ	କୁ	କୂ	କୃ	କୄ	କୢ	କୣ	କେ	କୈ	କୋ	କୌ
ଖ୍ kh	ଖ	ଖା	ଖି	ଖୀ	ଖୁ	ଖୂ	ଖୃ	ଖୄ	ଖୢ	ଖୣ	ଖେ	ଖୈ	ଖୋ	ଖୌ
ଗ୍ g	ଗ	ଗା	ଗି	ଗୀ	ଗୁ	ଗୂ	ଗୃ	ଗୄ	ଗୢ	ଗୣ	ଗେ	ଗୈ	ଗୋ	ଗୌ
ଘ୍ gh	ଘ	ଘା	ଘି	ଘୀ	ଘୁ	ଘୂ	ଘୃ	ଘୄ	ଘୢ	ଘୣ	ଘେ	ଘୈ	ଘୋ	ଘୌ
ଙ୍ ṅ	ଙ	ଙା	ଙି	ଙୀ	ଙୁ	ଙୂ	ଙୃ	ଙୄ	ଙୢ	ଙୣ	ଙେ	ଙୈ	ଙୋ	ଙୌ
ଚ୍ c	ଚ	ଚା	ଚି	ଚୀ	ଚୁ	ଚୂ	ଚୃ	ଚୄ	ଚୢ	ଚୣ	ଚେ	ଚୈ	ଚୋ	ଚୌ
ଛ୍ ch	ଛ	ଛା	ଛି	ଛୀ	ଛୁ	ଛୂ	ଛୃ	ଛୄ	ଛୢ	ଛୣ	ଛେ	ଛୈ	ଛୋ	ଛୌ
ଜ୍ j	ଜ	ଜା	ଜି	ଜୀ	ଜୁ	ଜୂ	ଜୃ	ଜୄ	ଜୢ	ଜୣ	ଜେ	ଜୈ	ଜୋ	ଜୌ
ଝ୍ jh	ଝ	ଝା	ଝି	ଝୀ	ଝୁ	ଝୂ	ଝୃ	ଝୄ	ଝୢ	ଝୣ	ଝେ	ଝୈ	ଝୋ	ଝୌ
ଞ୍ ñ	ଞ	ଞା	ଞି	ଞୀ	ଞୁ	ଞୂ	ଞୃ	ଞୄ	ଞୢ	ଞୣ	ଞେ	ଞୈ	ଞୋ	ଞୌ
ଟ୍ ṭ	ଟ	ଟା	ଟି	ଟୀ	ଟୁ	ଟୂ	ଟୃ	ଟୄ	ଟୢ	ଟୣ	ଟେ	ଟୈ	ଟୋ	ଟୌ
ଠ୍ ṭh	ଠ	ଠା	ଠି	ଠୀ	ଠୁ	ଠୂ	ଠୃ	ଠୄ	ଠୢ	ଠୣ	ଠେ	ଠୈ	ଠୋ	ଠୌ
ଡ୍ ḍ	ଡ	ଡା	ଡି	ଡୀ	ଡୁ	ଡୂ	ଡୃ	ଡୄ	ଡୢ	ଡୣ	ଡେ	ଡୈ	ଡୋ	ଡୌ
ଢ୍ ḍh	ଢ	ଢା	ଢି	ଢୀ	ଢୁ	ଢୂ	ଢୃ	ଢୄ	ଢୢ	ଢୣ	ଢେ	ଢୈ	ଢୋ	ଢୌ
ଣ୍ ṇ	ଣ	ଣା	ଣି	ଣୀ	ଣୁ	ଣୂ	ଣୃ	ଣୄ	ଣୢ	ଣୣ	ଣେ	ଣୈ	ଣୋ	ଣୌ
ତ୍ t	ତ	ତା	ତି	ତୀ	ତୁ	ତୂ	ତୃ	ତୄ	ତୢ	ତୣ	ତେ	ତୈ	ତୋ	ତୌ
ଥ୍ th	ଥ	ଥା	ଥି	ଥୀ	ଥୁ	ଥୂ	ଥୃ	ଥୄ	ଥୢ	ଥୣ	ଥେ	ଥୈ	ଥୋ	ଥୌ
ଦ୍ d	ଦ	ଦା	ଦି	ଦୀ	ଦୁ	ଦୂ	ଦୃ	ଦୄ	ଦୢ	ଦୣ	ଦେ	ଦୈ	ଦୋ	ଦୌ
ଧ୍ dh	ଧ	ଧା	ଧି	ଧୀ	ଧୁ	ଧୂ	ଧୃ	ଧୄ	ଧୢ	ଧୣ	ଧେ	ଧୈ	ଧୋ	ଧୌ
ନ୍ n	ନ	ନା	ନି	ନୀ	ନୁ	ନୂ	ନୃ	ନୄ	ନୢ	ନୣ	ନେ	ନୈ	ନୋ	ନୌ
ପ୍ p	ପ	ପା	ପି	ପୀ	ପୁ	ପୂ	ପୃ	ପୄ	ପୢ	ପୣ	ପେ	ପୈ	ପୋ	ପୌ
ଫ୍ ph	ଫ	ଫା	ଫି	ଫୀ	ଫୁ	ଫୂ	ଫୃ	ଫୄ	ଫୢ	ଫୣ	ଫେ	ଫୈ	ଫୋ	ଫୌ
ବ୍ b	ବ	ବା	ବି	ବୀ	ବୁ	ବୂ	ବୃ	ବୄ	ବୢ	ବୣ	ବେ	ବୈ	ବୋ	ବୌ
ଭ୍ bh	ଭ	ଭା	ଭି	ଭୀ	ଭୁ	ଭୂ	ଭୃ	ଭୄ	ଭୢ	ଭୣ	ଭେ	ଭୈ	ଭୋ	ଭୌ
ମ୍ m	ମ	ମା	ମି	ମୀ	ମୁ	ମୂ	ମୃ	ମୄ	ମୢ	ମୣ	ମେ	ମୈ	ମୋ	ମୌ
ଯ୍ ẏ(j)	ଯ	ଯା	ଯି	ଯୀ	ଯୁ	ଯୂ	ଯୃ	ଯୄ	ଯୢ	ଯୣ	ଯେ	ଯୈ	ଯୋ	ଯୌ
ୟ୍ y	ୟ	ୟା	ୟି	ୟୀ	ୟୁ	ୟୂ	ୟୃ	ୟୄ	ୟୢ	ୟୣ	ୟେ	ୟୈ	ୟୋ	ୟୌ
ର୍ r	ର	ରା	ରି	ରୀ	ରୁ	ରୂ	ରୃ	ରୄ	ରୢ	ରୣ	ରେ	ରୈ	ରୋ	ରୌ
ଳ୍ ḷ	ଳ	ଳା	ଳି	ଳୀ	ଳୁ	ଳୂ	ଳୃ	ଳୄ	ଳୢ	ଳୣ	ଳେ	ଳୈ	ଳୋ	ଳୌ
ଲ୍ l	ଲ	ଲା	ଲି	ଲୀ	ଲୁ	ଲୂ	ଲୃ	ଲୄ	ଲୢ	ଲୣ	ଲେ	ଲୈ	ଲୋ	ଲୌ
ୱ୍ w	ୱ	ୱା	ୱି	ୱୀ	ୱୁ	ୱୂ	ୱୃ	ୱୄ	ୱୢ	ୱୣ	ୱେ	ୱୈ	ୱୋ	ୱୌ
ଶ୍ ś	ଶ	ଶା	ଶି	ଶୀ	ଶୁ	ଶୂ	ଶୃ	ଶୄ	ଶୢ	ଶୣ	ଶେ	ଶୈ	ଶୋ	ଶୌ
ଷ୍ ṣ	ଷ	ଷା	ଷି	ଷୀ	ଷୁ	ଷୂ	ଷୃ	ଷୄ	ଷୢ	ଷୣ	ଷେ	ଷୈ	ଷୋ	ଷୌ
ସ୍ s	ସ	ସା	ସି	ସୀ	ସୁ	ସୂ	ସୃ	ସୄ	ସୢ	ସୣ	ସେ	ସୈ	ସୋ	ସୌ
ହ୍ h	ହ	ହା	ହି	ହୀ	ହୁ	ହୂ	ହୃ	ହୄ	ହୢ	ହୣ	ହେ	ହୈ	ହୋ	ହୌ

Signs and punctuation

List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.[11][15]

Signs and punctuation

Symbol	Name	Function	Romanization IPA
ଂ	ଅନୁସ୍ୱାର Anusvara	Nasal Diacritic. E.g.- ଅଂ aṃ, କଂ kaṃ, ହଂସ haṃsa Also occurs as Final velar nasal [ŋ]. E.g.- ଏବଂ ebaṅ (ebɔŋ)	ṃ, /ɔ̃/ ṅ, /ŋ/
ଃ	ବିସର୍ଗ Visarga	Represents post-vocalic voiceless glottal fricative [h]. Doubles the next consonant sound without the vowel,"h" sound at end. E.g.- ଅଃ aḥ, କଃ kaḥ, ଦୁଃଖ duḥkha	ḥ, /hɔ̆/
‍ଁ	ଚନ୍ଦ୍ରବିନ୍ଦୁ Chandrabindu	Nasal Diacritic. E.g.- ଅଁ ã, କଁ kã, ନିଆଁ niā̃	ã, /ɔ̃/
‍୍	ହଳନ୍ତ Halanta	Suppresses the inherent vowel a[ɔ]. E.g.- କ୍ k, ହଠାତ୍ haṭhāt	-
‍଼	ବିନ୍ଦୁ (bindu) Nukta	Dot used below the letter to extend to new alphabets	-
‍।	ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣଛେଦ Purnachheda	Full stop	-
‍॥	Double Purnachheda	End of Full Stanza	-
‍ଽ	ଅବଗ୍ରହ Avagraha	Symbol used to indicate prodelision of ଅ (a) vowel in sandhi and also for prolonging vowel sounds E.g.- ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟୋ‍ଽଧ୍ୟାୟଃ dwitīyo'dhyāyaḥ	-
‍ଓ‍ଁ	ॐ Om	Om sign	-
‍୰	ଈଶ୍ୱର Iswara	Symbol written before the name of a deceased person(late)	-

Consonant ligatures

Clusters of two or more consonants form a ligature. Basically Odia has two types of such consonant ligatures. The "northern" type is formed by fusion of two or more consonants as in northern scripts like Devanāgarī (but to a lesser extent also in the Malayalam script in the south). In some instances the components can be easily identified, but sometimes completely new glyphs are formed. With the "southern" type the second component is reduced in size and put under the first as in the southern scripts used for Kannaḍa and Telugu (and to some extent also for Malayalam script).

List of diacritic signs and punctuation marks present in languages with Brahmi-derived scripts.[11]

Consonant Ligatures

Symbol	Name	Function	Romanization IPA
୍ୟ	ୟ ଫଳା ya phaḷā	Ligature [y] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ୟ- kya, ସଭ୍ୟ- sabhya	-ya /-jɔ/
୍ର	ର ଫଳା ra phaḷā	Ligature [r] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ର- kra, ଗ୍ରାମ- grama	-ra /-ɾɔ/
ର୍କ	ରେଫ୍ reph	Ligature [r] pronounced preceding a consonant phoneme. E.g.- ର୍କ- rka, ଗର୍ବ- garba	r- /ɾ-/
୍ଳ	ଳ ଫଳା ḷa phaḷā	Ligature [ḷ] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g- କ୍ଳ- kḷa, ଶୁକ୍ଳ- śukḷa	-ḷa /-ɭɔ/
୍ଲ	ଲ ଫଳା la phaḷā	Ligature [l] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ଲ- kla, ପଲ୍ଲବ- pallaba	-la /-lɔ/
୍ୱ	ୱ ଫଳା/ବ ଫଳା wa phaḷā/ba phaḷā	1. Ligature [w] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ୱ- kwa, ଦ୍ୱାର- dwāra 2. For ମ୍(m) consonant, the ligature takes the form of [b]. E.g.- ମ୍ବ- mba, ଆମ୍ବ= āmba	-wa, -ba /-wɔ/, /-bɔ/
୍ମ	ମ ଫଳା ma phaḷā	Ligature [m] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ମ- kma, ପଦ୍ମ- padma	-ma /-mɔ/
୍ନ	ନ ଫଳା na phaḷā	Ligature [n] pronounced following a consonant phoneme. E.g.- କ୍ନ- kna, ପ୍ରଶ୍ନ- praśna	-na /-nɔ/

The following table lists all conjunct forms. (Different fonts may use different ligatures.)[11]

Ambiguities

The subjoined form of ଛ cha is also used for subjoined ଥ tha:

• for ଛ cha: ଚ୍ଛ ccha, ଞ୍ଛ ñcha, ଶ୍ଛ ścha
• for ଥ tha: ନ୍ଥ ntha, ସ୍ଥ stha

The sign for the nasal ଂ ṃ looks similar to the right side of the glyph used for ଫ pha and ଙ ṅa:

• ଫ pha (versus ପଂ paṃ)
• ଙ ṅa (versus ଡଂ ḍaṃ or ଉଂ uṃ)
• ମ୍ଫ mpha (versus ମ୍ପଂ mpaṃ)

Karani script or Odia cursive/calligraphic style

Karani script (କରଣୀ ଅକ୍ଷର) (also Chata script ଛଟା ଅକ୍ଷର) was a cursive/calligraphic style variant of the Odia script[16] developed by the Karana (କରଣ) community, the scribes (professional writer-class) of the Odia royal courts. It was used in the pre-Independence Orissa (Odisha) region in South Asia and was primarily used by the Karana community who were working for administrative purposes, documentation and keeping records in the royal courts of the Odia princely states (Orissa Tributary States). The name Karani is derived from the metal stylus, Karani that was used for writing on palm leaf.[3][17]

Numerals

Digits ସଂଖ୍ୟା

Hindu-Arabic numerals	0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
Odia numerals	୦	୧	୨	୩	୪	୫	୬	୭	୮	୯
Names	ଶୂନ	ଏକ	ଦୁଇ	ତିନି	ଚାରି	ପାଞ୍ଚ	ଛଅ	ସାତ	ଆଠ	ନଅ
IPA	[sunɔ]/[sunjɔ]	[ek]	[dui]	[tini]	[tʃaɾi]	[pantʃ]	[tʃʰɔː]	[satɔ]	[aʈʰɔ]	[nɔː]

Fraction symbols ଭଗ୍ନାଂଶ ଚିହ୍ନ

Fraction symbols	୵	୶	୷	୲	୳	୴
Fractions	¹⁄₁₆	⅛	³⁄₁₆	¼	½	¾

Fraction symbols are obsolete post decimalisation on 1 April 1957.

Comparison of Odia script with ancestral and related scripts

Odia letters are mostly round shaped whereas Devanagari and Bengali have horizontal lines. So in most cases the reader of Odia will find the related distinctive parts of the letter only below the curved hoop.

Vowels

	a	ā	i	ī	u	ū	ṛ	ṝ	ḷ	ḹ	e	ai	o	au
Odia	ଅ	ଆ	ଇ	ଈ	ଉ	ଊ	ଋ	ୠ	ଌ	ୡ	ଏ	ଐ	ଓ	ଔ
Bengali	অ	আ	ই	ঈ	উ	ঊ	ঋ	ৠ	ঌ	ৡ	এ	ঐ	ও	ঔ
Siddham
Devanagari	अ	आ	इ	ई	उ	ऊ	ऋ	ॠ	ऌ	ॡ	ए	ऐ	ओ	औ

Consonants

	k	kh	g	gh	ṅ	c	ch	j	jh	ñ	ṭ	ṭh	ḍ	ḍh	ṇ	t	th	d	dh	n	p	ph	b	bh	m	ẏ,y	r	l,ḷ	w	ś	ṣ	s	h
Odia	କ	ଖ	ଗ	ଘ	ଙ	ଚ	ଛ	ଜ	ଝ	ଞ	ଟ	ଠ	ଡ	ଢ	ଣ	ତ	ଥ	ଦ	ଧ	ନ	ପ	ଫ	ବ	ଭ	ମ	ଯ,ୟ	ର	ଲ,ଳ	ୱ	ଶ	ଷ	ସ	ହ
Bengali	ক	খ	গ	ঘ	ঙ	চ	ছ	জ	ঝ	ঞ	ট	ঠ	ড	ঢ	ণ	ত	থ	দ	ধ	ন	প	ফ	ব	ভ	ম	য,য়	র	ল	-	শ	ষ	স	হ
Siddham
Devanagari	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण	त	थ	द	ध	न	प	फ	ब	भ	म	य	र	ल,ळ	व	श	ष	स	ह

Vowel diacritics

	ka	kā	ki	kī	ku	kū	kṛ	kṝ	kḷ	kḹ	ke	kai	ko	kau
Odia	କ	କା	କି	କୀ	କୁ	କୂ	କୃ	କୄ	କୢ	କୣ	କେ	କୈ	କୋ	କୌ
Bengali	ক	কা	কি	কী	কু	কূ	কৃ	কৄ	কৢ	কৣ	কে	কৈ	কো	কৌ
Devanagari	क	का	कि	की	कु	कू	कृ	कॄ	कॢ	कॣ	के	कै	को	कौ

The vowel diacritics observed in Odia is similar to that of Bengali-Assamese as inherited from the Siddham pristhmatra style, differing from the diacritic symbols inherited by the scripts related to Devanagari line.

Sample text

Universal Declaration of Human Rights

The following is a sample text in Odia of Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (ମାନବିକ ଅଧିକାରର ସାର୍ବଜନୀନ ଘୋଷଣା):

Odia in the Odia script

ଅନୁଚ୍ଛେଦ ୧: ସମସ୍ତ ମନୁଷ୍ୟ ଜନ୍ମକାଳରୁ ସ୍ୱାଧୀନ ଏବଂ ମର୍ଯ୍ୟାଦା ଓ ଅଧିକାରରେ ସମାନ । ସେମାନଙ୍କଠାରେ ବୁଦ୍ଧି ଆଉ ବିବେକ ନିହିତ ଅଛି ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ପରସ୍ପର ପ୍ରତି ଭ୍ରାତୃତ୍ୱ ମନୋଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା ଉଚିତ୍ ।

Odia in ISO 15919

Anucchēda 1: Samasta manuṣya janmakāḷaru swādhīna ēbaṁ maryẏādā o adhikārarē samāna. Sēmānaṅkaṭhārē buddhi o bibēka nihita achi ēbaṁ sēmānaṅku paraspara prati bhrātr̥twa manōbhābarē bẏabahāra karibā ucit.

Odia in the IPA

ɔnut͡ːʃʰed̪ɔ ekɔ: sɔmɔst̪ɔ mɔnuʂjɔ d͡ʒɔnmɔkaɭɔɾu swad̪ʱinɔ ebɔŋ mɔɾd͡ʒjaːd̪a o ɔd̪ʱikaɾɔɾe sɔmanɔ. seman̪ɔŋkɔʈʰaɾe bud̪ːʱi o bibekɔ n̪iɦit̪ɔ ɔt͡ʃʰi ebɔŋ semanɔŋku pɔɾɔspɔɾɔ pɾɔt̪i bʱɾat̪ɾut̪wɔ mɔnobʱabɔɾe bjɔbɔɦaɾɔ kɔɾiba ut͡ʃit̪

Gloss

Article 1: All human beings from birth are free and dignity and rights are equal. Their reason and intelligence endowed with and they towards one another in a brotherhood spirit behaviour to do should.

Translation

Article 1: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

Gayatri Mantra

The following is a sample text in Sanskrit of Gayatri Mantra in Odia Script.

ଓଁ ଭୂର୍ଭୁବଃ ସ୍ଵଃ ତତ୍ସବିତୁର୍ବରେଣ୍ୟଂ ଭର୍ଗୋ ଦେବସ୍ୟ ଧୀମହି ଧିୟୋ ୟୋ ନଃ ପ୍ରଚୋଦୟାତ୍।

Unicode

Odia script was added to the Unicode Standard in October 1991 with the release of version 1.0.

The Unicode block for Odia is U+0B00–U+0B7F:

Oriya[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+0B0x

ଁ

ଂ

ଃ

ଅ

ଆ

ଇ

ଈ

ଉ

ଊ

ଋ

ଌ

ଏ

U+0B1x

ଐ

ଓ

ଔ

କ

ଖ

ଗ

ଘ

ଙ

ଚ

ଛ

ଜ

ଝ

ଞ

ଟ

U+0B2x

ଠ

ଡ

ଢ

ଣ

ତ

ଥ

ଦ

ଧ

ନ

ପ

ଫ

ବ

ଭ

ମ

ଯ

U+0B3x

ର

ଲ

ଳ

ଵ

ଶ

ଷ

ସ

ହ

଼

ଽ

ା

ି

U+0B4x

ୀ

ୁ

ୂ

ୃ

ୄ

େ

ୈ

ୋ

ୌ

୍

U+0B5x

୕

ୖ

ୗ

ଡ଼

ଢ଼

ୟ

U+0B6x

ୠ

ୡ

ୢ

ୣ

୦

୧

୨

୩

୪

୫

୬

୭

୮

୯

U+0B7x

୰

ୱ

୲

୳

୴

୵

୶

୷

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

Gallery

• 
  Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
• 
  Palm leaf manuscript written in Odia language
• 
  Palm leaf-jatak manuscript
• 
  Jataka or Horoscope
• 
  Palm leaf manuscript of Draupadi Lakhabindha in Odia
• 
  14th-century Adhyatma Ramayana manuscript written in Sanskrit, Odia script
• 
  Dahuka boli
• 
  Guru Gita, Skanda Purana, Sanskrit, Odia script
• 
  Odia manuscript
• 
  Odia manuscript
• 
  Odia manuscript
• 
  Odia calligraphy
• 
  Barnabodha by Madhusudan Rao,1896

Notes

See also

• Karani script
• Odia Braille

References

External links

• The Unicode Standard: Chapter 9 – South and Southeast Asian Scripts (PDF)
• Odia alphabet – From Omniglot

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