lingvo.wikisort.org - Alphabet

The classical or traditional Mongolian script,[note 1] also known as the Hudum Mongol bichig,[note 2] was the first writing system created specifically for the Mongolian language, and was the most widespread until the introduction of Cyrillic in 1946. It is traditionally written in vertical lines Top-Down, right across the page. Derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, Mongolian is a true alphabet, with separate letters for consonants and vowels. The Mongolian script has been adapted to write languages such as Oirat and Manchu. Alphabets based on this classical vertical script are used in Mongolia and Inner Mongolia to this day to write Mongolian, Xibe and, experimentally, Evenki.

Mongolian script ᠮᠣᠩᠭᠣᠯ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ
Script type	Alphabet
Creator	Tata-tonga
Time period	c. 1204 – present
Direction	vertical left-to-right, left-to-right
Languages	Mongolian language
Related scripts
Parent systems	Egyptian hieroglyphs Proto-Sinaitic alphabet Phoenician alphabet Aramaic alphabet Syriac alphabet Sogdian alphabet Old Uyghur alphabet Mongolian script
Child systems	Manchu alphabet Xibe alphabet Oirat alphabet (Clear script) Buryat alphabet Galik alphabet Evenki alphabet
ISO 15924
ISO 15924	Mong (145), ​Mongolian
Unicode
Unicode alias	Mongolian
Unicode range	U+1800–U+18AF Mongolian U+11660–U+1167F Mong. Supplement
This article contains phonetic transcriptions in the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA). For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA. For the distinction between [ ], / / and ⟨ ⟩, see IPA § Brackets and transcription delimiters.

Computer operating systems have been slow to adopt support for the Mongolian script, and almost all have incomplete support or other text rendering difficulties.

History

The Mongolian vertical script developed as an adaptation of the Old Uyghur alphabet for the Mongolian language.[2]^: 545 From the seventh and eighth to the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, the Mongolian language separated into southern, eastern and western dialects. The principal documents from the period of the Middle Mongol language are: in the eastern dialect, the famous text The Secret History of the Mongols, monuments in the Square script, materials of the Chinese–Mongolian glossary of the fourteenth century, and materials of the Mongolian language of the middle period in Chinese transcription, etc.; in the western dialect, materials of the Arab–Mongolian and Persian–Mongolian dictionaries, Mongolian texts in Arabic transcription, etc.[3]^: 1–2 The main features of the period are that the vowels ï and i had lost their phonemic significance, creating the i phoneme (in the Chakhar dialect, the Standard Mongolian in Inner Mongolia, these vowels are still distinct); inter-vocal consonants γ/g, b/w had disappeared and the preliminary process of the formation of Mongolian long vowels had begun; the initial h was preserved in many words; grammatical categories were partially absent, etc. The development over this period explains why the Mongolian script looks like a vertical Arabic script (in particular the presence of the dot system).[3]^: 1–2

Eventually, minor concessions were made to the differences between the Uyghur and Mongol languages: In the 17th and 18th centuries, smoother and more angular versions of the letter tsadi became associated with [dʒ] and [tʃ] respectively, and in the 19th century, the Manchu hooked yodh was adopted for initial [j]. Zain was dropped as it was redundant for [s]. Various schools of orthography, some using diacritics, were developed to avoid ambiguity.[2]^: 545

Traditional Mongolian is written vertically from top to bottom, flowing in lines from left to right. The Old Uyghur script and its descendants, of which traditional Mongolian is one among Oirat Clear, Manchu, and Buryat are the only known vertical scripts written from left to right. This developed because the Uyghurs rotated their Sogdian-derived script, originally written right to left, 90 degrees counterclockwise to emulate Chinese writing, but without changing the relative orientation of the letters.[4][1]^: 36

The reed pen was the writing instrument of choice until the 18th century, when the brush took its place under Chinese influence.[5]^: 422 Pens were also historically made of wood, reed, bamboo, bone, bronze, or iron. Ink used was black or cinnabar red, and written with on birch bark, paper, cloths made of silk or cotton, and wooden or silver plates.[6]^: 80–81

• 
  Reed pens
• 
  Ink brushes
• 
  Writing implements of the Bogd Khan

Mongols learned their script as a syllabary, dividing the syllables into twelve different classes, based on the final phonemes of the syllables, all of which ended in vowels.[7]

The script remained in continuous use by Mongolian speakers in Inner Mongolia in the People's Republic of China. In the Mongolian People's Republic, it was largely replaced by the Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet, although the vertical script remained in limited use. In March 2020, the Mongolian government announced plans to increase the use of the traditional Mongolian script and to use both Cyrillic and Mongolian script in official documents by 2025.[8][9][10] However, due to the particularity of the traditional Mongolian script, a large part of the Sinicized Mongols in China can't identify the script, and in many cases the script is only used symbolically on plaques in many cities.[11][12]

Names

The script is known by a wide variety of names. As it was derived from the Old Uyghur alphabet, the Mongol script is known as the Uighur(-)Mongol script.[note 3] From 1941 onwards, it became known as the Old Script,[note 4] in contrast to the New Script,[note 5] referring to Cyrillic. The Mongolian script is also known as the Hudum or 'not exact' script,[note 6], in comparison with the Todo 'clear, exact' script [note 7].[13]^: 308[1]^{: 30–32, 38–39}[14]^: 640[15]^: 7[16][17]^: 206[18]

Overview

The traditional or classical Mongolian alphabet, sometimes called Hudum 'traditional' in Oirat in contrast to the Clear script (Todo 'exact'), is the original form of the Mongolian script used to write the Mongolian language. It does not distinguish several vowels (o/u, ö/ü, final a/e) and consonants (syllable-initial t/d and k/g, sometimes ǰ/y) that were not required for Uyghur, which was the source of the Mongol (or Uyghur-Mongol) script.[4] The result is somewhat comparable to the situation of English, which must represent ten or more vowels with only five letters and uses the digraph th for two distinct sounds. Ambiguity is sometimes prevented by context, as the requirements of vowel harmony and syllable sequence usually indicate the correct sound. Moreover, as there are few words with an exactly identical spelling, actual ambiguities are rare for a reader who knows the orthography.

Letters have different forms depending on their position in a word: initial, medial, or final. In some cases, additional graphic variants are selected for visual harmony with the subsequent character.

The rules for writing below apply specifically for the Mongolian language, unless stated otherwise.

Sort orders

• Traditional: n, q/k, γ/g, b, p, s, š, t, d, l, m, č...[19][20]^: 7
• Modern: n, b, p, q/k, γ/g, m, l, s, š, t, d, č...[19][20]^: 7
• Other modern orderings that apply to specific dictionaries also exist.[21]

Vowel harmony

Mongolian vowel harmony separates the vowels of words into three groups – two mutually exclusive and one neutral:

• The back, male, masculine,[22] hard, or yang[23] vowels a, o, and u.
• The front, female, feminine,[22] soft, or yin[23] vowels e, ö, and ü.
• The neutral vowel i, able to appear in all words.

Any Mongolian word can contain the neutral vowel i, but only vowels from either of the other two groups. The vowel qualities of visually separated vowels and suffixes must likewise harmonize with those of the preceding word stem. Such suffixes are written with front or neutral vowels when preceded by a word stem containing only neutral vowels. Any of these rules might not apply for foreign words however.[3]^{: 11, 35, 39}[24]^: 10[25]^: 4[21]

Separated final vowels

A separated final form of vowels a or e is common, and can appear at the end of a word stem, or suffix. This form requires a final-shaped preceding letter, and an inter-word gap in between. This gap can be transliterated with a hyphen.[note 8][3]^: 30, 77[26]^: 42[1]^: 38–39[25]^: 27[27]^{: 534–535}

The presence or lack of a separated a or e can also indicate differences in meaning between different words (compare ᠬᠠᠷ᠎ᠠ^⟨?⟩ qar‑a 'black' with ᠬᠠᠷᠠ qara 'to look').[28]^: 3[27]^: 535

Its form could be confused with that of the identically shaped traditional dative-locative suffix ‑a/‑e exemplified further down. That form however, is more commonly found in older texts, and more commonly takes the forms of ⟨ᠲ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ tur/tür or ⟨ᠳ᠋ᠤᠷ⟩ dur/dür instead.[24]^: 15[29][1]^: 46

Separated suffixes

All case suffixes, as well as any plural suffixes consisting of one or two syllables, are likewise separated by a preceding and hyphen-transliterated gap.[note 9] A maximum of two case suffixes can be added to a stem.[3]^: 30, 73[24]^: 12[29][30][25]^: 28[27]^: 534

Such single-letter vowel suffixes appear with the final-shaped forms of a/e, i, or u/ü,[3]^: 30 as in ᠭᠠᠵᠠᠷ ᠠ^⟨?⟩ γaǰar‑a 'to the country' and ᠡᠳᠦᠷ ᠡ^⟨?⟩ edür‑e 'on the day',[3]^: 39 or ᠤᠯᠤᠰ ᠢ^⟨?⟩ ulus‑i 'the state' etc.[3]^: 23 Multi-letter suffixes most often start with an initial- (consonants), medial- (vowels), or variant-shaped form. Medial-shaped u in the two-letter suffix  ᠤᠨ^⟨?⟩ ‑un/‑ün is exemplified in the adjacent newspaper logo.[3]^: 30[27]^: 27

Consonant clusters

Two medial consonants are the most that can come together in original Mongolian words. There are however, a few loanwords that can begin or end with two or more.[note 10]

Compound names

In the modern language, proper names (but not words) usually forms graphic compounds (such as those of ᠬᠠᠰᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ Qas'erdeni 'Jasper-jewel' or ᠬᠥᠬᠡᠬᠣᠲᠠ Kökeqota – the city of Hohhot). These also allow components of different harmonic classes to be joined together, and where the vowels of an added suffix will harmonize with those of the latter part of the compound. Orthographic peculiarities are most often retained, as with the short and long teeth of an initial-shaped ö in ᠮᠤᠤ‍‍ᠥ᠌‍‍ᠬᠢᠨ Muu'ökin 'Bad Girl' (protective name). Medial t and d, in contrast, are not affected in this way.[3]^: 30[32]^: 92[1]^: 44[15]^: 88

Isolate citation forms

Isolate citation forms for syllables containing o, u, ö, and ü may in dictionaries appear without a final tail as in ⟨ᠪᠣ⟩ bo/bu or ⟨ᠮᠣ᠋⟩ mo/mu, and with a vertical tail as in ⟨ᠪᠥ᠋⟩ bö/bü or ⟨ᠮᠥ᠋⟩ mö/mü (as well as in transcriptions of Chinese syllables).[21][1]^: 39

Letters

Native Mongolian

Native Mongolian

Letters [3]: 17, 18 [2]: 546	Contextual forms			Transliteration[note 11]		International Phonetic Alphabet
	Initial	Medial	Final	Latin	Cyrillic[34][33]	Khalkha[26]: 40–42	Chakhar[21][35]
ᠠ	ᠠ‍	‍ᠠ‍	‍ᠠ ‍ᠠ᠋	a	а	/a/	/ɑ/
ᠡ	ᠡ‍	‍ᠡ‍	‍ᠡ ‍ᠡ᠋	e	э	/ə/
ᠢ	ᠢ‍	‍ᠢ‍	‍ᠢ	i	и	/i/	/i/ or /ɪ/
ᠣ	ᠣ‍	‍ᠣ‍	‍ᠣ	o	о	/ɔ/
ᠤ	ᠤ‍	‍ᠤ‍	‍ᠤ	u	у	/ʊ/
ᠥ	ᠥ‍	‍ᠥ‍ ‍ᠥ᠋‍	‍ᠥ	ö	ө	/ɵ/	/o/
ᠦ	ᠦ‍	‍ᠦ‍ ‍ᠦ᠋‍	‍ᠦ	ü	ү	/u/
ᠨ	ᠨ‍	‍ᠨ‍ ‍ᠨ᠋‍	‍ᠨ ‍ᠨ᠎	n	н	/n/
ᠩ	—	‍ᠩ‍	‍ᠩ	ng	нг	/ŋ/
ᠪ	ᠪ‍	‍ᠪ‍	‍ᠪ	b	б	/p/ and /w/	/b/
ᠫ	ᠫ‍	‍ᠫ‍	—	p	п	/pʰ/	/p/
ᠬ	ᠬ‍	‍ᠬ‍	‍ᠬ	q k	х	/x/
ᠭ	ᠭ	‍ᠭ‍ ‍ᠭ᠋‍	‍ᠭ ‍ᠭ᠎	γ g	г	/ɢ/	/ɣ/
ᠮ	ᠮ‍	‍ᠮ‍	‍ᠮ	m	м	/m/
ᠯ	ᠯ‍	‍ᠯ‍	‍ᠯ	l	л	/ɮ/	/l/
ᠰ	ᠰ‍	‍ᠰ‍	‍ᠰ	s	с	/s/ or /ʃ/ before i
ᠱ	ᠱ‍	‍ᠱ‍	‍ᠱ	š	ш	/ʃ/
ᠲ	ᠲ‍	‍ᠲ‍	—	t	т	/t/
ᠳ	ᠳ‍	‍ᠳ‍ ‍ᠳ᠋‍	‍ᠳ	d	д	/t/ and /tʰ/	/d/
ᠴ	ᠴ‍	‍ᠴ‍	—	č	ч	/t͡ʃʰ/ and /t͡sʰ/	/t͡ʃ/
ᠵ	ᠵ‍	‍ᠵ‍	—	ǰ	ж	/d͡ʒ/ and d͡z	/d͡ʒ/
ᠶ	ᠶ‍	‍ᠶ‍	‍ᠶ	y	й	/j/
ᠷ	ᠷ‍	‍ᠷ‍	‍ᠷ	r	р	/r/

Galik characters

In 1587, the translator and scholar Ayuush Güüsh (Аюуш гүүш) created the Galik alphabet (Али-гали Ali-gali), inspired by the third Dalai Lama, Sonam Gyatso. It primarily added extra characters for transcribing Tibetan and Sanskrit terms when translating religious texts, and later also from Chinese. Some of those characters are still in use today for writing foreign names (as listed below).[36]

Galik characters

Letters [3]: 17, 18 [2]: 546	Contextual forms			Transliteration[note 11]				IPA
	Initial	Medial	Final	Latin	Cyrillic[34][33]	Sanskrit	Tibetan[3]: 28 [37]: 86, 244, 251
ᠧ	ᠧ‍	‍ᠧ‍	‍ᠧ	ē	е			/e/
ᠸ	ᠸ‍	‍ᠸ‍	‍ᠸ	w	в		ཝ	/w/
ᠹ	ᠹ‍	‍ᠹ‍	‍ᠹ	f	ф		ཕ	/f/
ᠺ	ᠺ‍	‍ᠺ‍	‍ᠺ	g	к	ग	ག	/k/
ᠻ	ᠻ‍	‍ᠻ‍	‍ᠻ	kh	к	ख	ཁ	/kʰ/
ᠼ	ᠼ‍	‍ᠼ‍	‍ᠼ	c	ц	छ	ཚ	/t͡s/
ᠽ	ᠽ‍	‍ᠽ‍	‍ᠽ	z	з	ज	ཛ	/d͡z/
ᠾ	ᠾ‍	‍ᠾ‍	‍ᠾ	h	х	ह	ཧ	/h/
ᠿ	ᠿ‍	‍ᠿ‍	‍ᠿ	ž[lower-alpha 1]	ж		ཞ	/ʐ/, /ɻ/[lower-alpha 2]
ᡀ	ᡀ‍	‍ᡀ‍	‍ᡀ	lh	лх		ལྷ	/ɬ/
ᡁ	ᡁ‍	‍ᡁ‍	‍ᡁ	zh[lower-alpha 3]	з			/d͡ʐ/
ᡂ	ᡂ‍	‍ᡂ‍	‍ᡂ	ch[lower-alpha 4]	ч			/t͡ʂ/

Punctuation and numerals

Punctuation

When written between words, punctuation marks use space on both sides of them. They can also appear at the very end of a line, regardless of where the preceding word ends.[32]^: 99 Red (cinnabar) ink is used in many manuscripts, to either symbolize emphasis or respect.[32]^: 241 Modern punctuation incorporates Western marks: parentheses; quotation, question, and exclamation marks; including precomposed ⁈ and ⁉.[27]^{: 535–536}

Punctuation[31]^{: 106, 168, 203}[3]^: 28[39]^: 30[32]^: 99[33]^: 3[27]^{: 535–536}[18]

Form(s)	Name	Function(s)
᠀	Birga[note 12]	Marks start of a book, chapter, passage, or first line
᠀᠋
᠀᠌
᠀᠍
[...]
᠂	'Dot'[note 13]	Comma
᠃	'Double-dot'[note 14]	Period / full stop
᠅	'Four-fold dot'[note 15]	Marks end of a passage, paragraph, or chapter
᠁	'Dotted line'[note 16]	Ellipsis
᠄	[...][note 17]	Colon
᠆	'Spine, backbone'[note 18]	Mongolian soft hyphen (wikt:᠆)
᠊		Mongolian non-breaking hyphen, or stem extender (wikt:᠊)

Numerals

0	1	2	3	4	5	6	7	8	9
᠐	᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙

Mongolian numerals are either written from left to right, or from top to bottom.[3]^: 54[34]^: 9

᠑᠕ ᠣᠨ 15 on 'year of 15' on a 1925 tögrög coin[40]
The number ᠘᠙ 89 written vertically on a hillside (top)

Components and writing styles

Components

Listed in the table below are letter components (graphemes)[note 19] commonly used across the script. Some of these are used with several letters, and others to contrast between them. As their forms and usage may differ between writing styles, however, examples of these can be found under this section below.

Common components[31][34]^: 4–5[39]^{: 29–30, 205}[42][32]^: 82–83[1]^: 36[20]^: 1[43][44]^: 20[17]^{: 211–212}[45]^: 10–11[46][47][18]

Form	Name(s)	Used with
ᠡ‍	'Crown'[note 20]	all initial vowels (a, e, i, o, u, ö, ü, ē), and some initial consonants (n, m, l, h, etc).
᠊ᠡ‍	'Tooth'[note 21]	a, e, n, ng, q, γ, m, l, d, t, etc historically also k, g, r.
	'Tooth'[note 22]
᠊᠊	'Spine, backbone'[note 23]	the vertical line running through words.
‍᠊ᠠ	'Tail'[note 24]	a, e, n, d, etc. A final connected flourish/swash pointing right.
‍᠊ᠰ᠋	'Short tail'[note 25]	final q, γ, m, and s
᠎ᠠ⟨?⟩ ⟨⟩	[...][note 26]	separated final a/e.
	'Sprinkling, dusting'[note 27]	lower part of final a/e; the lower part of final g.
‍ᡳ᠌	'Hook'[note 28]	lower part of final i and d.
ᠵ‍	'Shin, stick'[note 29]	i; initial ö and ü; the upper part of final g; ǰ and y, etc.
	'Straight shin'[note 30]
	'Long tooth'[note 31]
ᠶ‍	'Shin with upturn'[note 32]	y.
ᠸ‍	Shin with downturn[note 33]	ē and w.
ᠷ‍	Horned shin[note 34]	r historically also the upper part of final g and separated a/e.
ᠳ᠋‍	'Looped shin'[note 35]	t and d.
ᡁ‍	'Hollow shin'[note 36]	h and zh.
‍ᠢ	'Bow'[note 37]	final i, o–ü, and r; ng, b, p, k, g, etc.
‍᠊ᠣ‍	'Belly, stomach,' loop, contour[note 38]	the enclosed part of o–ü, b, p, initial t and d, etc.
ᠲ‍	'Hind-gut'[note 39]	initial t and d.
‍᠊ᠹ‍	Flaglet, tuft[note 40]	the left-side diacritic of f and z.
‍ᠽ‍
ᠬ	[...][note 41]	initial q and γ.
‍᠊ᠮ‍	'Braid, pigtail'[note 42]	m.
	'Horn'[note 43]
‍᠊ᠯ‍	'Horn'[note 44]	l.
	'Braid, pigtail'[note 45]
‍᠊ᠰ‍	'Corner of the mouth'[note 46]	s and š.
‍ᠴ‍	[...][note 47]	č.
	'Fork'[note 48]
‍ᠵ‍	[...][note 49]	ǰ.
	'Tusk, fang'[note 50]

Writing styles

As exemplified in this section, the shapes of glyphs may vary widely between different styles of writing and choice of medium with which to produce them. The development of written Mongolian can be divided into the three periods of pre-classical (beginning – 17th century), classical (16/17th century – 20th century), and modern (20th century onward):[31][3]^{: 2–3, 17, 23, 25–26}[24]^: 58–59[2]^{: 539–540, 545–546}[34]^: 62–63[48]^{: 111, 113–114}[26]^{: 40–42, 100–101, 117}[1]^: 34–37[49]^: 8–11[17]^{: 211–215}

• Rounded letterforms tend to be more prevalent with handwritten styles (compare printed and handwritten arban 'ten').

Block‑printed		Pen-written form	Modern brush‑​written​ form	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern forms
				arban 'ten'

• Final letterforms with a right-pointing tail (such as those of a, e, n, q, γ, m, l, s, š, and d) may have the notch preceding it in printed form, written in a span between two extremes: from as a more or less tapered point, to a fully rounded curve in handwriting.
• The long final tails of a, e, n, and d in the texts of pre-classical Mongolian can become elongated vertically to fill up the remainder of a line. Such tails are used consistently for these letters in the earliest 13th to 15th century Uyghur Mongolian style of texts.

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Modern brush‑​written​ forms	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms
				‑ača/​‑eče
				‑un/​‑ün
				‑ud/​‑üd
				ba 'and'

• A hooked form of yodh was borrowed from the Manchu alphabet in the 19th century to distinguish initial y from ǰ. The handwritten form of final-shaped yodh (i, ǰ, y), can be greatly shortened in comparison with its initial and medial forms.

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Modern brush‑​written​ forms	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms
				‑i
				‑yi
				‑yin
				sain/sayin 'good'
				yeke 'great'

• The definite status or function of diacritics was not established prior to classical Mongolian. As such, the dotted letters n, γ, and š, can be found sporadically dotted or altogether lacking them. Additionally, both q and γ could be (double-)dotted to identify them regardless of their sound values. Final dotted n is also found in modern Mongolian words. Any diacritical dots of γ and n can be offset downward from their respective letters (as in ᠭᠣᠣᠯ γool and ᠭᠦᠨ ᠢ^⟨?⟩ gün‑i).
• When a bow-shaped consonant is followed by a vowel in Uyghur style text, said bow can be found to notably overlap it (see bi). A final b has, in its final pre-modern form, a bow-less final form as opposed to the common modern one:[1]^: 39

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Modern brush‑​written​ forms	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms
				‑u/​‑ü
				bi 'I'
				ab (intensifying particle)

• As in / kü, köke, ǰüg and separated a/e, two teeth can also make up the top-left part of a kaph (k/g) or aleph (a/e) in pre-classical texts. In back-vocalic words of Uyghur Mongolian, qi was used in place of ki, and can therefore be used to identify this stage of the written language. An example of this appears in the suffix ‑taqi/‑daqi.[26]^{: 100, 117}

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Modern brush‑​written​ forms	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms
				‑a/​‑e
				‑luγ‑a
				köke 'blue'
				köge 'soot'
				ǰüg 'direction'

• In pre-modern Mongolian, medial ml (‍ᠮᠯ‍) forms a ligature: .
• A pre-modern variant form for final s appears in the shape of a short final n ⟨‍ᠰ᠋⟩, derived from Old Uyghur zayin (𐽴). It tended to be replaced by the mouth-shaped form and is no longer used. An early example of it is found in the name of Gengis Khan on the Stele of Yisüngge: ᠴᠢᠩᠭᠢᠰ᠋ Činggis. A zayin-shaped final can also appear as part of final m and γ.

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms
			es(‑)e 'not, no', (negation)
			ulus 'nation'
			nom 'book'
			čaγ 'time'

• Initial taw (t/d) can, akin to final mem (m), be found written quite explicitly loopy (as in nom 'book' and toli 'mirror'). The lamedh (t or d) may appear simply as an oval loop or looped shin, or as more angular, with an either closed or open counter (as in ‑daki/‑deki or ‑dur/‑dür). As in metü, a Uyghur style word-medial t can sometimes be written with the pre-consonantal form otherwise used for d. Taw was applied to both initial t and d from the outset of the script's adoption. This was done in imitation of Old Uyghur which, however, had lacked the phoneme d in this position.

Block‑printed		Pen-written forms	Modern brush‑​written​ forms	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. forms	semi-modern forms
		[...]		toli 'mirror'
			[...]	‑daki/‑deki
			[...]	‑tur/​‑tür
				‑dur/​‑dür
			[...]	metü 'as'

• Following the late classical Mongolian orthography of the 17th and 18th centuries, a smooth and angular tsade (‍ᠵ‍ and ᠴ) has come to represent ǰ and č respectively. The tsade before this was used for both these phonemes, regardless of graphical variants, as no ǰ had existed in Old Uyghur:

Block‑printed		Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern form
		čečeg 'flower'

Block-printed semi-modern form	Pen-written form	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
		qačar/γaǰar 'cheek/place'

• As in sara and ‑dur/‑dür, a resh (of r, and sometimes of l) can appear as two teeth or crossed shins; adjacent, angled, attached to a shin and/or overlapping.

Block‑printed		Pen-written form	Modern brush‑​written​ form	Trans­lit­er­a­tion(s) & 'trans­la­tion'
Uyghur Mong. form	semi-modern forms
				sar(‑)a 'moon/month'

Example

Wikipedia slogan

Manuscript	Type	Unicode	Transliteration (first word)
		ᠸᠢᠺᠢᠫᠧᠳᠢᠶᠠ᠂ ᠴᠢᠯᠦᠭᠡᠲᠦ ᠨᠡᠪᠲᠡᠷᠬᠡᠢ ᠲᠣᠯᠢ ᠪᠢᠴᠢᠭ ᠪᠣᠯᠠᠢ᠃	ᠸᠢ‍ wi/​vi
			‍ᠺᠢ‍ gi/ki
			‍ᠫᠧ‍ pē/pé
			‍ᠳᠢ‍ di
			‍ᠶᠠ ya
Transliteration: Wikipēdiya čilügetü nebterkei toli bičig bolai. Cyrillic: Википедиа чөлөөт нэвтэрхий толь бичиг болой. Transcription: Vikipedia chölööt nevterkhii toli bichig boloi. Gloss: Wikipedia free omni-profound mirror scripture is. Translation: Wikipedia is the free encyclopedia.

Gallery

• 
  Folded script style on the coat of arms of Govisümber Province[5]^: 427
• 
  Mongolian calligraphy of the 13th century work Оюун Түлхүүр (Key of Intelligence)
• 
  ''Mandukhai setsen khatan'' (film) [mn] title screen, 1988
• 
  Stele for Queen Mandukhai the Wise
• 
  Cover page with printed hand-lettering in red, early 20th century
• 
  Postage stamp with words augmented with letters from the Manchu alphabet, 1932
• 
  1 Mongolian tögrög, 1925
• 
  Mongolian dollar with a long body of printed text, 1921
• 
  Imperial seal of the Bogd Khan, ca 1911.
• 
  Mixed Manchu–Mongolian text on a Paiza.
• 
  Poem composed and brush-written by Injinash, 19th century
• 
  Mongolian Diamond Sutra manuscript, 19th century
• 
  Nogeoldae textbook in Korean and Mongolian, 18th century
• 
  Mongolian on the far left of a Yonghe Temple board in Beijing, 1722
• 
  Letter from the Il-Khan Öljaitü to King Philip IV of France, 1305
• 
  Silver dirham from the reign of the Il-Khan Arghun, 1297
• 
  Imperial seal of Güyük Khan in letter to Pope Innocent IV, 1246

Unicode

The Mongolian script was added to the Unicode standard in September 1999 with the release of version 3.0. However, several design issues have been pointed out.[50]

• The 1999 Mongolian script Unicode codes are duplicated and not searchable.
• The 1999 Mongolian script Unicode model has multiple layers of FVS (free variation selectors), MVS, ZWJ, NNBSP, and those variation selections conflict with each other, which create incorrect results.[51] Furthermore, different vendors understood the definition of each FVS differently, and developed multiple applications in different standards.[52]

Blocks

The Unicode block for Mongolian is U+1800–U+18AF. It includes letters, digits and various punctuation marks for Hudum Mongolian, Todo Mongolian, Xibe (Manchu), Manchu proper, and Ali Gali, as well as extensions for transcribing Sanskrit and Tibetan.

Mongolian[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+180x

᠀

᠁

᠂

᠃

᠄

᠅

᠆

᠇

᠈

᠉

᠊

FVS 1

FVS 2

FVS 3

MVS

FVS 4

U+181x

᠐

᠑

᠒

᠓

᠔

᠕

᠖

᠗

᠘

᠙

U+182x

ᠠ

ᠡ

ᠢ

ᠣ

ᠤ

ᠥ

ᠦ

ᠧ

ᠨ

ᠩ

ᠪ

ᠫ

ᠬ

ᠭ

ᠮ

ᠯ

U+183x

ᠰ

ᠱ

ᠲ

ᠳ

ᠴ

ᠵ

ᠶ

ᠷ

ᠸ

ᠹ

ᠺ

ᠻ

ᠼ

ᠽ

ᠾ

ᠿ

U+184x

ᡀ

ᡁ

ᡂ

ᡃ

ᡄ

ᡅ

ᡆ

ᡇ

ᡈ

ᡉ

ᡊ

ᡋ

ᡌ

ᡍ

ᡎ

ᡏ

U+185x

ᡐ

ᡑ

ᡒ

ᡓ

ᡔ

ᡕ

ᡖ

ᡗ

ᡘ

ᡙ

ᡚ

ᡛ

ᡜ

ᡝ

ᡞ

ᡟ

U+186x

ᡠ

ᡡ

ᡢ

ᡣ

ᡤ

ᡥ

ᡦ

ᡧ

ᡨ

ᡩ

ᡪ

ᡫ

ᡬ

ᡭ

ᡮ

ᡯ

U+187x

ᡰ

ᡱ

ᡲ

ᡳ

ᡴ

ᡵ

ᡶ

ᡷ

ᡸ

U+188x

ᢀ

ᢁ

ᢂ

ᢃ

ᢄ

ᢅ

ᢆ

ᢇ

ᢈ

ᢉ

ᢊ

ᢋ

ᢌ

ᢍ

ᢎ

ᢏ

U+189x

ᢐ

ᢑ

ᢒ

ᢓ

ᢔ

ᢕ

ᢖ

ᢗ

ᢘ

ᢙ

ᢚ

ᢛ

ᢜ

ᢝ

ᢞ

ᢟ

U+18Ax

ᢠ

ᢡ

ᢢ

ᢣ

ᢤ

ᢥ

ᢦ

ᢧ

ᢨ

ᢩ

ᢪ

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

The Mongolian Supplement block (U+11660–U+1167F) was added to the Unicode Standard in June 2016 with the release of version 9.0:

Mongolian Supplement[1][2] Official Unicode Consortium code chart (PDF)

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

A

B

C

D

E

F

U+1166x

𑙠

𑙡

𑙢

𑙣

𑙤

𑙥

𑙦

𑙧

𑙨

𑙩

𑙪

𑙫

𑙬

U+1167x

Notes 1.^ As of Unicode version 15.0 2.^ Grey areas indicate non-assigned code points

See also

• Mongolian writing systems
  • Mongolian script
    • Galik alphabet
    • Todo alphabet
  • ʼPhags-pa script
    • Horizontal square script
  • Soyombo script
  • Mongolian Latin alphabet
    • SASM/GNC romanization § Mongolian
  • Mongolian Cyrillic alphabet
  • Mongolian transliteration of Chinese characters
    • Sino–Mongolian Transliterations [zh]
  • Mongolian Braille
• Mongolian Sign Language
• Mongolian name

Notes

References

External links

Summaries

• University of Vienna: Grammar of Written Mongolian by Nicholas POPPE Index
• CJVlang: Making Sense of the Traditional Mongolian Script
• StudyMongolian: Written forms with audio pronunciation
• The Silver Horde: Mongol Scripts
• Lingua Mongolia: Uighur-script Mongolian Resources
• Omniglot: Mongolian Alphabet (note: contains several table inaccuracies regarding glyphs and transliterations)

Dictionaries

• Bolor Dictionary
• Mongol toli dictionary: state dictionary of Mongolia

Transliteration

• University of Virginia: Transliteration Schemes For Mongolian Vertical Script
• Online tool for Mongolian script transliteration
• Automatic converter for Traditional Mongolian and Cyrillic Mongolian by the Computer College of Inner Mongolia University

Manuscripts

• Mongolian Manuscripts from Olon Süme – Yokohama Museum of EurAsian Cultures
• Digitised Mongolian manuscripts – The Royal Library, National Library of Denmark
• Mongolian texts – Digitales Turfan-Archiv, the Berlin-Brandenburg Academy of Sciences and Humanities
• Preservation of unique and historic newspapers printed in traditional Mongolian script between 1936-1945 – Endangered Archives Programme, British Library

Other

• Official Mongolian script version of the People's Daily Online
• Office of the President of Mongolia website in Mongolian script
• Tang, Didi (20 March 2020). "Mongolia abandons Soviet past by restoring alphabet". The Times. Retrieved 21 March 2020.

На других языках

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[de] Mongolische Schrift

Die klassische mongolische Schrift war die erste einer ganzen Reihe von mongolischen Schriften, die für die mongolische Sprache entwickelt oder angepasst wurden. Sie wird mit geringfügigen Veränderungen auch heute noch in der Mongolei (seit 1994 wieder neben der kyrillischen Schrift) und in China verwendet, um Mongolisch und Ewenkisch zu schreiben. In China ist die mongolische Schrift dort verbreitet, wo Mongolisch Amtssprache ist, also in der Inneren Mongolei und in Fuxin, Harqin Linker Flügel, im Vorderen Gorlos, in Dorbod, Subei, Teilen von Haixi und Henan sowie in Weichang. Hinzu kommt als offizielle, amtliche Schrift des Westmongolischen das Tôdô Biqig in Bayingolin, Bortala, Hoboksar und Teilen von Haixi.

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- [en] Mongolian script

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