The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages, also known as Māgadhan languages, are spoken throughout the eastern Indian subcontinent (East India and Assam, Bangladesh), including Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, Bengal, Tripura, Assam, and Odisha; alongside other regions surrounding the northeastern Himalayan corridor. Bengali is official language of Bangladesh and the state of West Bengal and Tripura, while Assamese and Odia are the official languages of Assam and Odisha, respectively. The Eastern Indo-Aryan languages descend from Magadhan Apabhraṃśa[1] and ultimately from Magadhi Prakrit.[2][3][1]
The exact scope of the Eastern branch of the Indo-Aryan languages is controversial. All scholars agree about a kernel that includes the Odia cluster and the Bengali–Assamese languages, while many also include the Bihari languages. The widest scope was proposed by Suniti Kumar Chatterji who included the Eastern Hindi varieties, but this has not been widely accepted.[4]
When the Bihari languages are included, the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages fall into four language groups in two broader categories:
Grammatical features of the Eastern Indo-Aryan languages:[5]
Case
Bengali
Assamese
Odia
Rajbangshi
Surjapuri
Maithili
Bhojpuri
Tharu
Sylheti
Instrumental
-t̪e, -ke d̪ie
-e, -er-e, di, -e-di
-e, -re, -d̪ei
-d̪i
sɛ
-e,e˜, sə˜, d̪ea
le, leka
-re, di
Dative
-ke, -[e]re
-k, -ɒk
-ku
-k, -ɔk
-k, -ɔk
-ke˜
-ke
-hənə
-gu, -gur
Ablative
-t̪ʰeke
-pɒra
-u, -ru, -ʈʰaru, -ʈʰiru
-hat̪ɛ, t̪ʰaki
-sɛ
-sə˜, -k -karəne
se
-lagi, -tône
Genitive
-r, -er
-r, -ɒr
-rɔ
-r, -ɛr
-r, -ɛr
-ker (-k)
-kæ
-ək
-r, -ôr
Locative
-e, -t̪e
-t, -ɒt
-re
-t̪, -ɔt̪
-t̪, -ɔt̪
e, me, -hi, -tə
-mə
-t, -ô
References
Ray, Tapas S. (2007). "Chapter Eleven: "Oriya". In Jain, Danesh; Cardona, George. The Indo-Aryan Languages. Routledge. p. 445. ISBN978-1-135-79711-9.
Cardona, George; Jain, Dhanesh, eds. (2003), "The historical context and development of Indo-Aryan", The Indo-Aryan Languages, Routledge language family series, London: Routledge, pp.46–66, ISBN0-7007-1130-9
South Asian folklore: an encyclopedia: Afghanistan, Bangladesh, India, By Peter J. Claus, Sarah Diamond, Margaret Ann Mills, Routledge, 2003, p. 203
Masica, Colin (1991). The Indo-Aryan Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp.446–462.
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