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Lahnda (لہندا) (/ˈlɑːndə/)[2] also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India.[3] The main Lahnda languages are Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari/Pothwari.[4] They are spoken in large parts of Pakistani Punjab, in some areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkwa province (especially Hazara), throughout Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western parts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.

Lahnda
لہندا
RegionWestern Punjab region
Native speakers
42 million
Language family
Writing system
Perso-Arabic
(Shahmukhi alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2lah
ISO 639-3lah – inclusive code
Individual codes:
hnd  Southern Hindko
hno  Northern Hindko
jat  Inku
phr  Pahari-Pothwari
skr  Saraiki
xhe  Khetrani
Glottologlahn1241

Terms like Lahnda or Western Punjabi are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[5] The validity of Lahnda as a genetic grouping has not been established.[6]


Name


Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name.[7]:883 This term has currency only among linguists.[6]


Varieties


Map of North Lahnda (Hindko and Pahari-Pothwari) dialects and varieties
Map of North Lahnda (Hindko and Pahari-Pothwari) dialects and varieties
Map of all Punjabi dialects and languages, including various Lahnda dialects in the west
Map of all Punjabi dialects and languages, including various Lahnda dialects in the west

Below is a list of the varieties of Lahnda and its number of speakers:[8]

Within Lahnda, Ethnologue also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 62 million people.[9]


Development


Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.[10] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.[11][12] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.[13]


Classification


Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[10]

Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[14]


References


  1. Ernst Kausen, 2006. Die Klassifikation der indogermanischen Sprachen (Microsoft Word, 133 KB)
  2. "Lahnda". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
  3. Defined as a "macrolanguage" in Simons & Fennig (2017) and as a "series of dialects" in Masica (1991, pp. 17–18). For the difficulties in assigning the labels "language" and "dialect", see Shackle (1979) for Punjabi and Masica (1991, pp. 23–27) for Indo-Aryan generally.
  4. Shackle 1979, p. 198.
  5. Masica 1991, p. 17–18.
  6. Masica 1991, p. 18.
  7. Grierson, George A. (1930). "Lahndā and Lahndī". Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies. 5 (4): 883–887. doi:10.1017/S0041977X00090571.
  8. Simons & Fennig 2017.
  9. Lewis, Simons & Fennig 2016b.
  10. Shackle, Christopher (2010). "Lahnda". In Brown, Keith; Ogilvie, Sarah (eds.). Concise Encyclopedia of Languages of the World. Oxford: Elsevier. p. 635. ISBN 9780080877754.
  11. Rahman 1997, p. 838.
  12. Shackle 1977.
  13. Javaid 2004, p. 46.
  14. Lahnda at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)

Bibliography



Further reading







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