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Lahnda (لہندا) (/ˈlɑːndə/)[2] also known as Lahndi or Western Punjabi, is a group of north-western Indo-Aryan language varieties spoken in parts of Pakistan and India.[3] The main Lahnda languages are Saraiki, Hindko and Pahari/Pothwari.[4] They are spoken in large parts of Pakistani Punjab, in some areas of the Khyber Pakhtunkwa province (especially Hazara), throughout Pakistani-administered Azad Kashmir and in the western parts of Indian-administered Jammu and Kashmir.

Lahnda
لہندا
Region	Western Punjab region
Native speakers	42 million
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Northwestern[1] Punjabic Lahnda
Writing system	Perso-Arabic (Shahmukhi alphabet)
Language codes
ISO 639-2	lah
ISO 639-3	lah – inclusive code Individual codes: hnd – Southern Hindko hno – Northern Hindko jat – Inku phr – Pahari-Pothwari skr – Saraiki xhe – Khetrani
Glottolog	lahn1241

Terms like Lahnda or Western Punjabi are exonyms employed by linguists, and are not used by the speakers themselves.[5] The validity of Lahnda as a genetic grouping has not been established.[6]

Name

Lahnda means "western" in Punjabi. It was coined by William St. Clair Tisdall (in the form Lahindā) probably around 1890 and later adopted by a number of linguists — notably George Abraham Grierson — for a dialect group that had no general local name.[7]^: 883 This term has currency only among linguists.[6]

Varieties

Below is a list of the varieties of Lahnda and its number of speakers:[8]

• North Lahnda:
  • Hindko: 7.71 million
    • Northern Hindko: 4.47 million
    • Southern Hindko: 3.24 million
  • Pahari-Pothwari; 8.04 million
• Central Lahnda (Shahpuri): 6 million
• South Lahnda:
  • Saraiki; 26 million
    • Multani
    • Thali
    • Riasti
  • Inku
  • Khetrani

Within Lahnda, Ethnologue also includes what it labels as "Western Punjabi" (ISO 639-3 code: pnb) – the Majhi dialects transitional between Lahnda and Eastern Punjabi; these are spoken by about 62 million people.[9]

Development

Saraiki and Hindko have been cultivated as literary languages.[10] The development of the standard written Saraiki began in the 1960s.[11][12] The national census of Pakistan has counted Saraiki and Hindko speakers since 1981.[13]

Classification

Lahnda has several traits that distinguish it from Punjabi, such as a future tense in -s-. Like Sindhi, Siraiki retains breathy-voiced consonants, has developed implosives, and lacks tone. Hindko, also called Panjistani or (ambiguously) Pahari, is more like Punjabi in this regard, though the equivalent of the low-rising tone of Punjabi is a high-falling tone in Peshawar Hindko.[10]

Sindhi, Lahnda and Punjabi form a dialect continuum with no clear-cut boundaries. Ethnologue classifies the western dialects of Punjabi as Lahnda, so that the Lahnda–Punjabi isogloss approximates the Pakistani–Indian border.[14]

References

Bibliography

• Javaid, Umbreen (2004). "Saraiki political movement: its impact in south Punjab" (PDF). Journal of Research (Humanities). Lahore: Department of English Language & Literature, University of the Punjab. 40 (2): 45–55. (This PDF contains multiple articles from the same issue.)
• Lewis, M. Paul; Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2016b). "Western Punjabi". Ethnologue (19 ed.). (access limited).
• Simons, Gary F.; Fennig, Charles D., eds. (2017). "Lahnda". Ethnologue (20 ed.). (access limited).
• Masica, Colin P. (1991). The Indo-Aryan languages. Cambridge language surveys. Cambridge University Press. ISBN 978-0-521-23420-7.
• Rahman, Tariq (1997). "Language and Ethnicity in Pakistan". Asian Survey. 37 (9): 833–839. doi:10.2307/2645700. JSTOR 2645700.
• Shackle, Christopher (1977). "Siraiki: A Language Movement in Pakistan". Modern Asian Studies. 11 (3): 379–403. doi:10.1017/s0026749x00014190. ISSN 0026-749X. JSTOR 311504.
• Shackle, Christopher (1979). "Problems of classification in Pakistan Panjab". Transactions of the Philological Society. 77 (1): 191–210. doi:10.1111/j.1467-968X.1979.tb00857.x. ISSN 0079-1636.

Further reading

• Singh Gill, Harjeet (1973). Linguistic Atlas Of The Punjab. Department of Anthropological Linguistics, Punjabi University, Patiala. p. 205.
• Chandra, Duni (1964). ਪੰਜਾਬੀ ਭਾਸ਼ਾ ਦਾ ਵਿਆਕਰਣ. Publication Bureau, Panjab University, Chandigarh. p. 290.
• Bhardwaj, Mangat Rai (2016). Panjabi: A Comprehensive Grammar. Routledge. p. 487. ISBN 978-1-315-76080-3.
• Malik, Moazzam Ali; Abbas, Furrakh; Noreen, Khadija (2020). "A comparative study of acoustic cues of Punjabi velar plosives in Majhi and Lehandi" (PDF). Hamdard Islamicus. 43 (2): 1564–1571.
• Hussain, Qandeel (2022). "Phonation differences in the stop laryngeal contrasts of Jangli (Indo-Aryan)". (Formal) Approaches to South Asian Languages. 1 (1).
• Karamat, Nayyara (2001). "Phonemic Inventory of Punjabi". Center for Research in Urdu Language Processing: 179–188.
• Malik, Moazzam Ali; Kokub, Iqra (2020). "Segmental study of Punjabi glottal fricative /H/". Competitive Linguistic Research Journal. 2 (1): 1–17.

External links

• Map of Lahnda dialects from Grierson's early 20th-century Linguistic Survey of India

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