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Shina (ݜݨیاٗ,شِْنْیٛا Ṣiṇyaá) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by the Shina people.[4][5] In Pakistan, Shina is the major language in Gilgit-Baltistan spoken by an estimated 1,146,000 people living mainly in Gilgit-Baltistan and Kohistan.[4][6] A small community of Shina people are also settled in the upper Neelum Valley in Pakistan and in Dras, in the far north of the Kargil district of Ladakh in India.[4] Outliers of Shina language such as Brokskat is found in Ladakh, Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir, Palula and Sawi in Chitral, Ushojo in the Swat Valley and Kalkoti in Dir.[4]

Shina
ݜݨیاٗ Ṣiṇyaá
The word Ṣiṇyaá written in the Arabic script in Nastaliq style.
Pronunciation	[ʂinjaá]
Native to	Pakistan, India
Region	Gilgit-Baltistan, Kohistan, Drass, Gurez
Ethnicity	Shina
Native speakers	720,200 Shina (2018)[1] and Shina, Kohistani 458,000 (2018)[2]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Shina
Writing system	Arabic script (Nastaʿlīq)[3]
Language codes
ISO 639-3	Either: scl – Standard Shina plk – Kohistani Shina
Glottolog	shin1264  Shina kohi1248  Kohistani Shina
Distribution of Shina language in Dark Orange
This article contains IPA phonetic symbols. Without proper rendering support, you may see question marks, boxes, or other symbols instead of Unicode characters. For an introductory guide on IPA symbols, see Help:IPA.

Until recently, there was no writing system of the language. A number of schemes have been proposed and there is no single writing system used by all of the speakers of Shina language.[7] Shina is also mostly a spoken language and not a written language. Most Shina speakers also do not write their language.

Distribution

In Pakistan

There are an estimated 1,146,000 speakers of both Shina and Kohistani Shina in Pakistan according to Ethnologue (2018), a majority of them residing in the province of Khyber-Pakhtunkwa and Gilgit-Baltistan. A small community of Shina speakers is also settled in Neelam valley of Azad Jammu and Kashmir.[8][9]

In India

A small community of Shinar speakers is also settled in India in the far north of Kargil district bordering Gilgit-Baltistan. Their population is estimated to be around 32,200 according to 2011 census.[10]

Writing

Shina alphabet
ا ب پ ت ٹ ث ج چ ح خ څ ځ ڇ د ڈ ذ ر ڑ ز ژ ڙ س ش ݜ ص ض ط ظ ع غ ڠ ف ق ک گ ل م ن ݨ ں و ہ (ھ) ء ی ے
Extended Perso-Arabic script
History Transliteration Diacritics Hamza Numerals Numeration
v t e

Shina is one of the few Dardic languages with a written tradition.[11] However, it was an unwritten language until a few decades ago[12] and there still is not a standard orthography.[13] Since the first attempts at accurately representing Shina's phonology in the 1960s there have been several proposed orthographies for the different varieties of the language, with debates centering on whether vowel length and tone should be represented.[14] For the Drasi variety spoken in the Indian union territories of Ladakh and Jammu and Kashmir, there have been two proposed schemes, one with the Perso-Arabic script and the other with the Devanagari script.[15]

One proposed alphabet for Shina is the following:[16]^{[better source needed]}

Letter	Romanization	IPA
ا	ʿ	/ʔ/
ب	b	/b/
پ	p	/p/
ت	t	/t/
ٹ	ṭ	/ʈ/
ث	(s)	/s/
ج	ǰ	/d͡ʒ/
چ	č	/t͡ʃ/
ح	(h)	/h/
خ	ǩ	/x/
څ	c	/t͡s/
ځ	j	/d͡z/
ڇ	ċ	/ʈ͡ʂ/
د	d	/d/
ڈ	ḍ	/ɖ/
ذ	(z)	/z/
ر	r	/r/
ڑ	ṛ	/ɽ/
ز	z	/z/
ژ	ž	/ʒ/
ڙ	ż	/ʐ/
س	s	/s/
ش	š	/ʃ/
ݜ	ṣ	/ʂ/
ص	(s)	/s/
ض	(d)	/d/
ط	(t)	/t/
ظ	(z)	/z/
ع	ʿ	/ʔ/
غ	ǧ	/ɣ/
ڠ	ŋ	/ŋ/
ف	f	/f/pʰ/
ق	(k)	/k/
ک	k	/k/
گ	g	/ɡ/
ل	l	/l/
م	m	/m/
ن	n	/n/
ݨ	ṇ	/ɳ/
ں	˜	/˜/
و	w	/ʊ~w/
ہ	h, x	/h/ɦ/
ھ	_h	/ʰ/
ء	ʿ	/ʔ/
ی	y	/j/
ے	e	/e/

Phonology

The following is a description of the phonology of the Drasi variety spoken in India and the Kohistani variety in Pakistan.

Vowels

The Shina principal vowel sounds:[17]

	Front	Mid	Back
			unrd.	rnd.
High	i			u
High-mid	e			o
Low-mid	ɛ	ə	ʌ	ɔ
Low	(æ)	a

All vowels but /ɔ/ can be either long or nasalized, though no minimal pairs with the contrast are found.[17] /æ/ is heard from loanwords.[18]

Diphthongs

In Shina there are the following diphthongs:[19]

• falling: ae̯, ao̯, eə̯, ɛi̯, ɛːi̯, ue̯, ui̯, oi̯, oə̯;
• falling nasalized: ãi̯, ẽi̯, ũi̯, ĩũ̯, ʌĩ̯;
• raising: u̯i, u̯e, a̯a, u̯u.

Consonants

In India, the dialects of the Shina language have preserved both initial and final OIA consonant clusters, while the Shina dialects spoken in Pakistan have not.[20]

		Labial	Coronal	Retroflex	Post-alv./ Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Glottal
Stop	Voiceless	p	t	ʈ		k	q[lower-alpha 1]
	Aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ		kʰ
	Voiced	b	d	ɖ		ɡ
	Breathy[lower-alpha 1]	bʱ	dʱ	ɖʱ		ɡʱ
Affricate	Voiceless		t͡s	ʈ͡ʂ	t͡ʃ
	Aspirated		t͡sʰ	ʈ͡ʂʰ	t͡ʃʰ
	Voiced		d͡z[lower-alpha 2]		d͡ʒ[lower-alpha 2]
	Breathy				d͡ʒʱ[lower-alpha 1]
Fricative	Voiceless	(f)	s	ʂ	ʃ	x[lower-alpha 2]		h
	Voiced		z	ʐ	ʒ[lower-alpha 2]	ɣ[lower-alpha 2]		ɦ[lower-alpha 2]
Nasal		m (mʱ)[lower-alpha 1]	n	ɳ		ŋ
Lateral			l (lʱ)[lower-alpha 1]
Rhotic			r	ɽ[lower-alpha 3]
Semivowel		ʋ~w			j

Tone

This section does not cite any sources. (September 2015)

Shina words are often distinguished by three contrasting tones: level, rising, and falling tones. Here is an example that shows the three tones:

"The" has a level tone and means the imperative "Do!"

When the stress falls on the first mora of a long vowel, the tone is falling. Thée means "Will you do?"

When the stress falls on the second mora of a long vowel, the tone is rising. Theé means "after having done".

See also

• Brokskat language
• Kundal Shahi language
• Ushoji language
• Kalkoti language
• Palula language
• Savi language

References

Bibliography

• Bashir, Elena L. (2003). "Dardic". In George Cardona; Dhanesh Jain (eds.). The Indo-Aryan languages. Routledge language family series. Y. London: Routledge. pp. 818–94. ISBN 978-0-7007-1130-7.
• Bashir, Elena L. (2016). "Perso-Arabic adaptions for South Asian languages". In Hock, Hans Henrich; Bashir, Elena (eds.). The languages and linguistics of South Asia: a comprehensive guide. World of Linguistics. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton. pp. 803–9. ISBN 978-3-11-042715-8.
• Rajapurohit, B. B. (1975). "The problems involved in the preparation of language teaching material in a spoken language with special reference to Shina". Teaching of Indian languages: seminar papers. University publication / Department of Linguistics, University of Kerala. V. I. Subramoniam, Nunnagoppula Sivarama Murty (eds.). Trivandrum: Dept. of Linguistics, University of Kerala.
• Rajapurohit, B. B. (1983). Shina phonetic reader. CIIL Phonetic Reader Series. Mysore: Central Institute of Indian Languages.
• Rajapurohit, B. B. (2012). Grammar of Shina Language and Vocabulary : (Based on the dialect spoken around Dras) (PDF).
• Schmidt, Ruth Laila (2003–2004). "The oral history of the Daṛmá lineage of Indus Kohistan" (PDF). European Bulletin of Himalayan Research (25/26): 61–79. ISSN 0943-8254.
• Schmidt, Ruth Laila; Kohistani, Razwal (2008). A grammar of the Shina language of Indus Kohistan. Beiträge zur Kenntnis südasiatischer Sprachen und Literaturen. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz. ISBN 978-3-447-05676-2.

Further reading

• Buddruss, Georg (1983). "Neue Schriftsprachen im Norden Pakistans. Einige Beobachtungen". In Assmann, Aleida; Assmann, Jan; Hardmeier, Christof (eds.). Schrift und Gedächtnis: Beiträge zur Archäologie der literarischen Kommunikation. W. Fink. pp. 231–44. ISBN 978-3-7705-2132-6. A history of the development of writing in Shina
• Degener, Almuth; Zia, Mohammad Amin (2008). Shina-Texte aus Gilgit (Nord-Pakistan): Sprichwörter und Materialien zum Volksglauben, gesammelt von Mohammad Amin Zia. Otto Harrassowitz Verlag. ISBN 978-3-447-05648-9. Contains a Shina grammar, German-Shina and Shina-German dictionaries, and over 700 Shina proverbs and short texts.
• Radloff, Carla F. (1992). Backstrom, Peter C.; Radloff, Carla F. (eds.). Languages of northern areas. Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan. Vol. 2. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University.
• Rensch, Calvin R.; Decker, Sandra J.; Hallberg, Daniel G. (1992). Languages of Kohistan. Sociolinguistic survey of Northern Pakistan. Islamabad, Pakistan: National Institute of Pakistan Studies Quaid-i- Azam University.
• Zia, Mohammad Amin (1986). Ṣinā qāida aur grāimar (in Urdu). Gilgit: Zia Publishers.
• Zia, Mohammad Amin. Shina Lughat (Shina Dictionary). Contains 15000 words plus material on the phonetics of Shina.

External links

• Sasken Shina, contains materials in and about the language
• 1992 Sociolinguistic Survey of Shina
• Shina Language Textbook for Class5
• Shina Language Textbook for Class6

На других языках

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[de] Shina

Shina ist eine dardische Sprache, die von 300.000 Menschen im Gebiet um Gilgit gesprochen wird. Die Sprache ist in viele Dialekte aufgeteilt.

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- [en] Shina language

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[es] Idioma shina

El shina (o Tshina) es una lengua indoaria del grupo dárdico hablada en el Gilgit-Baltistan de Pakistán.

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[fr] Shina

Le shina (en shina ṣinaá: langue des Shins) est une langue indo-iranienne du sous-groupe des langues dardes, parlée, selon C. Radloff, par, au minimum, 500 000 personnes, dans la région de Gilgit dans les montagnes du nord du Pakistan.

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[it] Lingua shina

La lingua Shina, in urdu شینا (Šīnā), è una lingua facente parte delle sottogruppo delle lingue dardiche rientranti nelle lingue indoarie parlata dal popolo Shina, nella regione del Gilgit–Baltistan, nella parte più settentrionale del Pakistan. Tra le valli nelle quali è parlata vi sono quella dell'Astore, del Chilas, del Darel, del Tangir, del Gilgit, del Ghizer, del Gurez, del Drass, dello Jalkot, del Palas, del Kolai, e del Kohistan.

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[ru] Шина (язык)

Язык шина (урду ݜݨیاٗ‎, Ṣiṇyaá, деванагари: षीना) — язык одноимённого народа, проживающего в Индии и Пакистане (в регионе Кашмир, преимущественно на Пакистанской территории Кашмира Гилгит-Балтистан и в округе Кохистан; провинция Хайбер-Пахтунхва). Относится к дардской группе индоевропейской языковой семьи. Письменность на основе арабского алфавита, а иногда используется письменность деванагари.

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