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Kundal Shahi (کنڈل شاہی, Kunḍal Šāhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 700 people in the Kundal Shahi village of Neelam Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.[2] It is an endangered language and its speakers are shifting to Hindko.[3]

Kundal Shahi
کنڈل شاہی
Kunḍal Šāhī
Native toPakistan
RegionNeelam Valley
Native speakers
700 (2005)[1]
Language family
Indo-European
  • Indo-Iranian
    • Indo-Aryan
Language codes
ISO 639-3shd
Glottologkund1257
Kundal Shahi
Kundal Shahi
Coordinates: 34.5548°N 73.8439°E / 34.5548; 73.8439

Phonology


The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[4]


Vowels


Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[5]

Front Central Back
unrounded rounded unrounded rounded
Close i iː y yː u uː
Close-Mid e eː øː ə o oː
Open-Mid ɛ ɛː ʌ ɔ ɔː
Open a aː

Consonants


Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[5]

Labial Alveolar Retroflex Palatal Velar Glottal
Nasal m n ɳ (ŋ)
Plosive/
Affricate
voiceless p t ʈ k
aspirated ʈʰ tʃʰ
voiced b d ɖ ɡ
Fricative voiceless f s ʃ x h
voiced z
Lateral l
Flap ɾ ɽ
Approximant j w

Tone


Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[6] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[5]


Endangered


Kundal Shahi is severely endangered with less than 500 speakers, most of whom are over the age of 40.[7]


References


  1. Kundal Shahi at Ethnologue (18th ed., 2015) (subscription required)
  2. "Kundal Shahi". Ethnologue.
  3. A. Rehman, Khawaja; L. G. Baart, Joan (2005). "A First Look at the Language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir" (PDF). SIL International.
  4. Baart & Rehman 2005, pp. 10–13.
  5. Baart & Rehman 2005.
  6. Baart 2003, pp. 3, 6.
  7. "A first look at the language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir". 28 January 2013.

Bibliography



Further reading







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