Kundal Shahi (کنڈل شاہی, Kunḍal Šāhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 700 people in the Kundal Shahi village of Neelam Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.[2] It is an endangered language and its speakers are shifting to Hindko.[3]
Kundal Shahi | |
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کنڈل شاہی Kunḍal Šāhī | |
Native to | Pakistan |
Region | Neelam Valley |
Native speakers | 700 (2005)[1] |
Language family | Indo-European
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Language codes | |
ISO 639-3 | shd |
Glottolog | kund1257 |
Kundal Shahi Kundal Shahi | |
Coordinates: 34.5548°N 73.8439°E / 34.5548; 73.8439 |
The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[4]
Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[5]
Front | Central | Back | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
unrounded | rounded | unrounded | rounded | |
Close | i iː | y yː | u uː | |
Close-Mid | e eː | øː | ə | o oː |
Open-Mid | ɛ ɛː | ʌ | ɔ ɔː | |
Open | a aː |
Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[5]
Labial | Alveolar | Retroflex | Palatal | Velar | Glottal | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Nasal | m | n | ɳ | (ŋ) | |||
Plosive/ Affricate |
voiceless | p | t | ʈ | tʃ | k | |
aspirated | pʰ | tʰ | ʈʰ | tʃʰ | kʰ | ||
voiced | b | d | ɖ | dʒ | ɡ | ||
Fricative | voiceless | f | s | ʃ | x | h | |
voiced | z | ||||||
Lateral | l | ||||||
Flap | ɾ | ɽ | |||||
Approximant | j | w |
Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[6] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[5]
Kundal Shahi is severely endangered with less than 500 speakers, most of whom are over the age of 40.[7]
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Modern Indo-Aryan languages | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Dardic |
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Northern |
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Northwestern |
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Western |
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Central |
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Eastern |
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Southern |
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Unclassified | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
Pidgins and creoles | |||||||||||||||||||||||||
See also: Old and Middle Indo-Aryan; Indo-Iranian languages; Nuristani languages; Iranian languages |