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Kundal Shahi (کنڈل شاہی, Kunḍal Šāhī) is an Indo-Aryan language spoken by about 700 people in the Kundal Shahi village of Neelam Valley in Azad Kashmir, Pakistan.[2] It is an endangered language and its speakers are shifting to Hindko.[3]

Kundal Shahi
کنڈل شاہی Kunḍal Šāhī
Native to	Pakistan
Region	Neelam Valley
Native speakers	700 (2005)[1]
Language family	Indo-European Indo-Iranian Indo-Aryan Dardic Shina Kundal Shahi
Language codes
ISO 639-3	shd
Glottolog	kund1257
Kundal Shahi Show map of Azad Kashmir Kundal Shahi Show map of Pakistan
Coordinates: 34.5548°N 73.8439°E / 34.5548; 73.8439

Phonology

The following tables set out the phonology of Kundal Shahi.[4]

Vowels

Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it has front rounded vowels.[5]

	Front		Central	Back
	unrounded	rounded	unrounded	rounded
Close	i iː	y yː		u uː
Close-Mid	e eː	øː	ə	o oː
Open-Mid	ɛ ɛː		ʌ	ɔ ɔː
Open			a aː

Consonants

Like Kashmiri, Kundal Shahi is unusual amongst Dardic languages in that it lacks retroflex fricatives and affricates.[5]

		Labial	Alveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Glottal
Nasal		m	n	ɳ		(ŋ)
Plosive/ Affricate	voiceless	p	t	ʈ	tʃ	k
	aspirated	pʰ	tʰ	ʈʰ	tʃʰ	kʰ
	voiced	b	d	ɖ	dʒ	ɡ
Fricative	voiceless	f	s		ʃ	x	h
	voiced		z
Lateral			l
Flap			ɾ	ɽ
Approximant					j	w

Tone

Kundal Shahi, like many Dardic languages, has either phonemic tone or, as in Kundal Shahi, pitch accent.[6] Words may have only one accented mora, which is associated with high pitch; the remaining mora have a default or low pitch.[5]

Endangered

Kundal Shahi is severely endangered with less than 500 speakers, most of whom are over the age of 40.[7]

References

Bibliography

• Baart, Joan L. G. (2003), Tonal features in languages of northern Pakistan (PDF), National Institute of Pakistan Studies, Quaid-i-Azam University and Summer Institute of Linguistics, pp. 3, 6
• Baart, Joan L. G.; Rehman, Khawaja A. (2005). "A first look at the language of Kundal Shahi in Azad Kashmir". SIL Electronic Working Papers.

Further reading

• Rehman, Khawaja A. (2011). "Ergativity In Kundal Shahi, Kashmiri And Hindko". In Mark Turin; Bettina Zeisler (eds.). Himalayan languages and linguistics: studies in phonology, semantics, morphology and syntax. Brill's Tibetan studies library, Languages of the greater Himalayan region. Leiden: Brill. pp. 219–234. ISBN 978-90-04-19448-9.
• Rehman, Khawaja A. (2011). Language Shift In the Neelam Valley: A Case Study of the Kundal Shahi Language (PhD). Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad.

External links

• ELAR archive of Documentation of the Kundal Shahi Language, Kundal Shahi, Pakistan

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